23.
William Paul, “Severe Experiences at Gettysburg,”
Confederate Veteran
19 (February 1911), 85; Bradley M. Gottfried, “Wright’s Charge on July 2, 1863: Piercing the Union Line or Inflated Glory?,”
Gettysburg Magazine
17 (July 1997), 76; “Casualties in the Macon Guards,”
Macon Daily Telegraph
(July 13, 1863).
24.
Campbell, “So Much for Comrades in Arms,” 56;
Memoirs of Georgia: Containing Historical Accounts of the State’s Civil, Military, Industrial and Professional Interests
(Atlanta: Southern Historical Association, 1895), 1:966; Bates,
The Battle of Gettysburg
, 131–32.
1.
Campbell Brown’s Civil War
, 216; Fremantle,
Six Months
, 259–60.
2.
Henry S. Huidekoper, in Winey,
Confederate Army Uniforms at Gettysburg
, 24; Bowden and Ward,
Last Chance for Victory
, 346; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, C.S. Army,” in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):446;
Campbell Brown’s Civil War
, 216; Early,
Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A.
, 273–74.
3.
Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” 66; Wainwright, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in
A Diary of Battle
, 238; Bert H. Barnett, “ ‘Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use’: The Guns of Cemetery Hill,” in
The Second Day at Gettysburg
, 232.
4.
Hartwell Osborn,
Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry
(Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1904), 99–100; Hurst,
Journal-History of the Seventy-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry
, 67–68; John Archer,
“The Hour Was One of Horror”: East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg
(Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1997), 15, 17–18; Edward S. Salmon, “Gettysburg” (January 17, 1912), in
Civil War Papers of the California Commandery and the Oregon Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
(Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1995), 403–4, 405.
5.
Andrew Harris to J. B. Bachelder (April 7, 1864), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:138; Kiefer,
History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 97; Herman Schuricht, “Jenkins’ Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign,”
SHSP
24 (January–December 1896), 344; Paul M. Shevchuk, “The Wounding of Albert Jenkins, July 2, 1863,”
Gettysburg Magazine
3 (July 1990), 61; Linn, “Journal of My Trip to the Battlefield of Gettysburg, July 1863,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
29 (September–October 1990), 62–63.
6.
Tunstall Smith,
Richard Snowden Andrews: Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding the First Maryland Artillery
(Baltimore: Sun Job Printing, 1910), 96; Charles D. Walker,
Biographical Sketches of the Graduates and Élèves of the Virginia Military Institute Who Fell During the War Between the States
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1875), 332; O’Reilly,
“Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg
, 117;
Campbell Brown’s Civil War
, 217.
7.
Stewart, “Battery B, 4th United States Artillery at Gettysburg,” in W. H. Chamberlin, ed.,
Sketches of War History
, 4:190; Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour
, 74; “Report of Lieut. Col. R. Snowden Anderson, C.S. Artillery” (August 5, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):544; Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
A Diary of Battle
, 243.
8.
Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour
, 74; Archer,
“The Hour Was One of Horror,”
29; Stiles,
Four Years Under Marse Robert
, 218; “Report of Lieut. Col. R. Snowden Anderson, C.S. Artillery” (August 5, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):544; Jay Jorgensen, “Joseph W. Latimer, the ‘Boy Major,’ at Gettysburg,”
Gettysburg Magazine
9 (July 1993), 33; Gary Kross, “The ‘Long Arm’ of Lee on Benner’s Hill,”
Blue and Gray Magazine
14 (June 1997), 7–10.
9.
Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour
, 74; R. J. Hancock to J. W. Daniel (April 4, 1905), in John Warwick Daniel Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia.
10.
Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
A Diary of Battle
, 245; “Stevens’ Fifth Maine Battery at the Battle of Gettysburg,” in
Maine at Gettysburg
, 94; Archer,
“The Hour Was One of Horror,”
32–33; Hurst,
Journal-History of the Seventy-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry
, 71; Andrew L. Harris to J. B. Bachelder (March 14, 1881), in
Bachelder Papers
, 2:745–46; Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour
, 75–76; Thomas Causby, “Storming the Stone Fence at Gettysburg,”
SHSP
29 (January–December 1901), 340; “Gettysburg—The Part Taken by the Eleventh Corps,”
National
Tribune
(December 12, 1889); “Reports of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays, C.S. Army” (August 4, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):480.
11.
Archer,
“The Hour Was One of Horror,”
17; Peter F. Young to J. B. Bachelder (August 12, 1867) and Andrew L. Harris to J. B. Bachelder (March 14, 1881), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:310–11, 312, 2:745; Oscar Ladley to “Mother & Sisters” (July 5, 1863), in
Hearth and Knapsack
, 142–43; Butts,
A Gallant Captain of the Civil War
, 84–85; Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour
, 75–76; Scott L. Mingus,
The Louisiana Tigers in the Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 168; Barnett, “ ‘Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use’: The Guns of
Cemetery Hill,” in
The Second Day at Gettysburg
, 252; F. Nussbaum, “Louisiana Tigers and the 107th Ohio,”
National Tribune
(July 15, 1909).
12.
Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” 65; James A. Woods, “The 17th Connecticut and 41st New York: A Revisionist History of the Defense of East Cemetery Hill,”
Gettysburg Magazine
28 (January 2003), 96–97.
13.
Barnett, “ ‘Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use’: The Guns of Cemetery Hill,” 253; Hurst,
Journal-History of the Seventy-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry
, 72; Butts,
A Gallant Captain of the Civil War
, 84–85; Kiefer,
History of the One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 87; R.
Bruce Ricketts to J. B. Bachelder (March 2, 1866), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:237–38; Ricketts, “Sketch of the Services of Battery F and G,” in
Pennsylvania at Gettysburg
, 2:932; Carpenter, “General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg,” 271; Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in
A Diary of Battle
, 245, 247; Valuska and Keller,
Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg
, 176–77.
14.
Naiswald,
Grape and Canister
, 321–22; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays, C.S. Army” (August 4, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):480; Causby, “Storming the Stone Fence at Gettysburg,” 340–41;
Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
, 3:25; A. H. Huber, “On the Right—The 33rd Mass. and ‘Steven’s Knoll’ at Gettysburg,”
National Tribune
(March 11, 1909).
15.
Gibbon,
Personal Recollections
, 138; Gottfried,
Stopping Pickett
, 164; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb” (July 12, 1863) and “Report of Lieut. Col. William L. Curry, One Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania Infantry” (July 11, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 1):427, 434; Ward,
History of the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 401.
16.
William Kepler,
History of the Three Months’ and Three Years’ Service from April 16th, 1861, to June 22d, 1864, of the Fourth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the War for the Union
(Cleveland: Leader Printing Co., 1886), 128–29; Lash,
The Gibraltar Brigade on East Cemetery Hill
, 82–92; Gottfried,
Brigades of Gettysburg
, 165.
17.
“Reports of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays, C.S. Army” (August 4, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):480; Frey,
Longstreet’s Assault—Pickett’s Charge
, 98; Archer,
“The Hour Was One of Horror,”
72–76; J. L. Dickelman, “Gen. Carroll’s Gibraltar Brigade at Gettysburg,”
National Tribune
(December 10, 1908); Pete Tomasak, “An Encounter with Battery Hell,”
Gettysburg Magazine
12 (January 1995), 38. For the next thirty years, the humiliated survivors of
Adelbert Ames’ division would do their best to insist that they had “with indomitable pluck fought the enemy hand-to-hand” in the lane, “and that when Carroll’s Brigade arrived the fighting was practically finished and victory won.” Samuel Carroll would greet this claim with contempt: “Our brigade … alone drove the enemy from Cemetery Hill.” Otis Howard tried to smooth over the dispute in 1876 when he paid tribute to Carroll’s brigade for “carrying everything before them” on Cemetery Hill, but that only turned the wrath of Carroll’s veterans on Howard.
1st Corps officers like Bruce Ricketts and
Charles Wainwright turned Cemetery Hill into an ethnic slur on the “division of dutchmen,” who “as soon as the charge commenced,” began “running in the greatest confusion to the rear.” See W. S. Wickham, “Gettysburg—An Ohio Comrade Upholds the Credit of the
Eleventh Corps,”
National Tribune
(May 7, 1891); Lash,
The Gibraltar Brigade on East Cemetery Hill
, 104; and R. Bruce Ricketts to J. B. Bachelder (March 2, 1866), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:235, 236, 237–38.
18.
“Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army” (August 22, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):470; Early, “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,”
SHSP
4 (December 1877), 280; Collins,
Major General Robert E. Rodes
, 286–91; Longstreet,
Manassas to Appomattox
, 374–75; Gallagher,
Stephen Dodson Ramseur
, 74; Wynstra,
“The Rashness of That Hour,”
279–80; Early,
Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A
., 273–74; Bowden and Ward,
Last Chance for Victory
, 353–54, 356. Early politely stung Rodes in his post-battle report by complaining that “no attack was made on the immediate right, as was expected, and not meeting with support from that quarter, these brigades could not hold the position they had attained.” And in his sensational “review of the battle of Gettysburg” in 1877, Early would describe “the failure of Rodes’ division to go forward” as “the solitary instance of remissness” shown in Dick Ewell’s corps at Gettysburg—which was a whopper in its own right. But it is true that, after unwisely bolting ahead to the attack the day before, Rodes displayed an unusual inertia on the evening of July 2nd. Longstreet, for his part, blamed Early for recklessly ignoring Rodes’ signal that “the moment had come for the divisions to attack” (although Longstreet was by that time less interested in Rodes than in paying back Early, who became Longstreet’s primary postwar tormentor over who was responsible for Gettysburg). Rodes struggled to explain that the orders he had received from Dick Ewell “during the afternoon” instructed him to “co-operate,” not with Early, but with Longstreet; it was only when after Ambrose Wright’s attack had clearly fizzled that Rodes insisted that he “immediately sought out General Early, with a view of making an attack in concert with him.”
19.
Alpheus Williams to J. B. Bachelder (November 10, 1865) in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:214; J. M. Hubbard, “Wadsworth’s Division on Culp’s Hill,”
National Tribune
(March 15, 1915); Mahood,
General Wadsworth
, 184.
20.
Wayne E. Motts, “To Gain a Second Star: The Forgotten George S. Greene,”
Gettysburg Magazine
3 (July 1990), 65–68; Howard interview with Alexander Kelly (April 15, 1899), in
Generals in Bronze
, 176; David W. Palmer, “King of the Hill,”
America’s Civil War
20 (July 2007), 48–53.
21.
Charles P. Horton to J. B. Bachelder (January 23, 1867), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:292–93;
In Memoriam: George Sears Greene, Brevet Major-General, United States Volunteers, 1801–1899
(Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1909), 41–42; Frank C. Wilson, “Blunder in Battle of Gettysburg,”
Confederate Veteran
(September 1912), 417; Richard Eddy,
History of the 60th Regiment, New York State Volunteers
(Philadelphia: n.p., 1864), 262–63; Jesse H. Jones, “The Breastworks at Culp’s Hill,” in
Battles & Leaders
, 3:316; John D. Cox,
Culp’s Hill: The Attack and Defense of the Union Flank, July 2, 1863
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 61; Hess,
Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns
, 226–27.
22.
In Memoriam: George Sears Greene
, 41; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum” (August 23, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):759; John W. Peck, “78th Regiment Infantry” and Henry M. Maguire, “102nd Infantry Regiment,”
New York at Gettysburg
, 2:629, 634; M. L. Olmsted, “Recitals and Reminiscences—Stories Eminently Worth Telling of Experiences and Adventures in the Great National Struggle,”
National Tribune
(December 17, 1908); John Richards Boyle,
Soldiers True: The Story of the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers
(New York: Eaton & Mains, 1903), 122–23; John M. Archer,
“The Mountain Trembled”: Culp’s Hill at Gettysburg
(Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2000), 23, 52–53.
23.
Washington Hands Civil War Notebook, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Randolph H. McKim, “Steuert’s Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg,”
SHSP
5 (June 1978),
293; Early,
Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A
., 274; Olmsted, “Recitals and Reminiscence,”
National Tribune
(December 17, 1908); George K. Collins,
Memoirs of the 149th Regt. N. Y. Vol. Inft
. (1891; Hamilton, NY: Edmonston Pubs., 1996), 138.
24.
Olmsted, “Recitals and Reminiscence,”
National Tribune
(December 17, 1908); John W. Peck, “78th Regiment Infantry,”
New York at Gettysburg
, 2:629; McKim, “Steuert’s Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg,” 293; Washington Hands Civil War Notebook, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Charles P. Horton to J. B. Bachelder (January 23, 1867), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:294; Wilson, “Blunder in Battle of Gettysburg,” 417.