Heartstone (95 page)

There is a huge amount of archaeological evidence about the warship
Mary Rose
, though documentary evidence about the sinking is rather thin. When it sank, one side was preserved in the silt at the bottom of the Solent; this was raised from the seabed in 1982. The divers also discovered, and have been bringing up ever since, hundreds of items ranging from cannon and longbows to clothing, shoes, and the personal possessions of those on board, as well as the remains of many of the unfortunate crew.

I am very grateful to those at the Mary Rose Trust, where these items are preserved and displayed in Portsmouth, for taking time out to read the manuscript in draft, and for their comments and advice. My warm thanks to Rear-Admiral John Lippiett, Sally Tyrrell, Alex Hildred and Christopher Dobbs for all their help. I have made every effort to ensure that my portrayal of the
Mary Rose
and its crew is based on fact, and any errors are mine. My description of the ship, and particularly of the ship's castles, which were never recovered, is based on Geoff Hunt's beautiful painting of the
Mary Rose
, painted in 2009 for the 500th anniversary of the building of the ship.

The Mary Rose Museum is currently fundraising for a new museum, planned to open in 2012, which will feature both the half of the ship which was preserved and a reconstructed ‘mirror image' of the other half of the ship, showing the artefacts in the places where they would have been. (Some of the soldiers' possessions appear in this book.) This will provide a unique insight into the lives of the soldiers and sailors. More about current displays and activities, and future plans, can be found at
www.maryrose.org
.

Henry VIII's Master of Horse, Sir Anthony Browne, who was at Portsmouth, commissioned a series of large paintings for his mansion at Cowdray House in Sussex, one of which was of the English encampment at Portsmouth in 1545. It shows the English and French fleets, together with the masts of the newly sunk
Mary Rose
just above the water. It is a very interesting painting, with the ships positioned extremely accurately, though the people on land would certainly have felt far less happy than they are shown in face of the huge invasion fleet; in that sense it is a work of propaganda. Henry VIII is also shown as far younger and slimmer than he was in 1545. Unfortunately the originals were lost when Cowdray House burned down in 1793, but a series of engravings of the paintings had been made, and survives. The engraving of the encampment at Portsmouth has been closely studied by Dr Dominic Fontana of Portsmouth University, who has also studied the Tudor town. I am very grateful to him for all his help and, again, for commenting on the manuscript. More about the Cowdray engravings, the sinking of the
Mary Rose
, and Tudor Portsmouth can be found at his website
www.dominicfontana.co.uk
.

The 1544 campaign in France is unusual in that a first-hand account was written by a Welsh officer, Elis Gruffudd:
The Enterprises of Paris and Boulogne
, trans. M. B. Davies (Cairo, 1944). Leacon's account of the ravaging of the French countryside is based on his account. Tudor warfare often involved the spoliation of the civilian population, but usually as a by-product of the military campaigns. In 1544, however, Henry VIII specifically ordered the terrorization of civilians both in France and, especially, Scotland.

The town of Rolfswood is fictitious, as is Hoyland Priory, although its former mother house, Wherwell Priory, was real. Many former monastic establishments were sold off in the 1530s and far more in the 1540s, as noted, to raise money for Henry's war. Jeremy Hodgkinson's
The Wealden Iron Industry
(Stroud, 2009) was very useful on the iron industry, as was the display at Lewes Museum in Sussex. The fireback which Shardlake sees in Liphook can be seen at Lewes Museum. Roger Ascham's
Toxophilus
remains in print (Lightning Source, UK). On archery, Richard Wadge's
Arrowstorm: the World of the Archer in the Hundred Years War
(Staplehurst, 2007) was especially useful, as were, for the
Mary Rose
, Ann Stirland's
The Men of the Mary Rose: Raising the Dead
(Stroud, 2005) and David Childs's
The Warship Mary Rose
(London, 2007). J. J. Goring's
The Military Obligations of the English People
, 1511-1558 (Ph.D. thesis, 1955) was invaluable on the recruitment of early Tudor armies. For the Court of Wards I consulted H. E. Bell,
An Introduction to the History and Records of the Court of Wards and Liveries
(Cambridge, 1953) and J. Hurstfield,
The Queen's Wards
(London, 1958).

Despite the wealth of works on Tudor history, no one has yet written a history of the war of 1544-6. Somebody should.

Also by C. J. Sansom

 

WINTER IN MADRID

 

The Shardlake series
DISSOLUTION
DARK FIRE
SOVEREIGN
REVELATION