Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (297 page)

3.
Yoshimi Yoshiaki, Matsuno Seiya, “Dokugasusen kankei shiry
II, Kaisetsu,” in
J
gonen sens
gokuhi shiry
sh
, hokan 2, Dokugasusen kankei shiry
II
(Funi Shuppankan, 1997), p. 27.

4.
Gendai shishiry
(9), Nitch
sens
(2
). Elucidated by Usui Katsumi (Misuzu Shob
, 1964), pp. 211–212; Tanaka Nobumasa,
Dokyumento Sh
wa tenn
2, Kaisen
(Ryokuf
Shuppan, 1985), p. 96. Prior to the establishment of the Imperial Headquarters, the emperor's direct orders to his commanders in chief in the field were called
rinsanmei
.

5.
Yoshimi, Matsuno, “Dokugasusen kankei shiry
II, Kaisetsu,” pp. 25, 29. Because eventual retaliation was feared, great care was also taken to prevent the use of gas against Westerners in China, though not against Chinese noncombatants.