Honoring Sergeant Carter (14 page)

D
ocuments pertaining to the performance and treatment of black soldiers in World War II, as well as military intelligence and FBI surveillance of black soldiers and civilians are located at the National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

Important archives of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade are located at the Library of Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.

Historical documentation of California National Guard units may be found in the California State Library located in Sacramento.

The archives of the American Civil Liberties Union are located at the Seeley Mudd Library of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey.

Files of the
Pentecost
and the
Standard Bearer
newspapers may be found at the Wesleyan Archives and Historical Library in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Papers of President Harry Truman are located in the Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.

Baker, Vernon J., with Ken Olsen.
Lasting Valor.
Columbus, Miss.: Genesis Press, 1997.

Barboza, Steven, ed.
The African American Book of Values.
New York: Doubleday, 1998.

Blumenson, Martin.
Mark Clark: The Last of the Great World War II Commanders.
New York: Congdon & Weed, 1984.

Bradstreet, Ken.
The Hellcats
(2 vols.). Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing, 1987.

Breuer, William B.
Storming Hitler's Rhine: The Allied Assault, February–March
1945. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. Clark, Mark W.
From the Danube to the Yalu.
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954.

———.
Calculated Risk.
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950.

Collum, Danny, ed.
African Americans in the Spanish Civil War.
New York: G. K. Hall, 1992.

Converse Elliott V., III, Daniel K. Gibran, et al.
The Exclusion of Black Soldiers from the Medal of Honor in World War II.
Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1997.

Edgerton, Robert B.
Heroism: Black Soldiers in America's Wars.
Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001.

Eisenhower, John S. D.
The Bitter Woods: The Battle of the Bulge.
New York: Da Capo Press, 1969.

Ellis, John.
Cassino: The Hollow Victory.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.

Forty, George.
Patton's Third Army at War.
London: Arms and Armour Press, 1976.

Jensen, Joan.
Army Surveillance in America,
1775–1980. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Lee, Ulysses.
The Employment of Negro Troops.
Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History U.S. Army, 1963.

Nalty, Bernard C.
Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military.
New York: The Free Press, 1986.

Payne, Robert.
Chiang Kai-shek.
New York: Weybright & Talley, 1969.

Province, Charles M.
Patton's Third Army.
New York: Hippocrene, 1992.

Seagrave, Sterling.
The Soong Dynasty.
New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

Tuchman, Barbara W.
Stilwell and the American Experience in China
1911–45. New York: Macmillan, 1970.

Weigley, Russell F.
Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaigns of France and Germany,
1944–1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

White, Theodore H., and Annalee Jacoby.
Thunder out of China.
New York: Da Capo Press, 1974.

Wilson, Joe, Jr.
The
761
st “Black Panther” Tank Battalion in World War II.
Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1999.

Yates, James.
Mississippi to Madrid.
Seattle: Open Hand, 1989.

W
e are indebted to many individuals for generous help in bringing this project to completion. First, we are deeply grateful to all those who provided us with important assistance regarding the events recounted in these pages: Edward “Buddha” Carter, William “Redd” Carter, Fred Scott, Russell Blair, Floyd Vanderhoef, Woodfred Jordan, Andrew Nix, John Pulliams, Robert Hale, Evanda Kiel, Robert Cabbell, Neale Henderson, Walter Gaines, Octurus Culp, Earl Gipson, Jack Hill, James Harris Jr., Tamlin Harris, Nicholas Cunningham, Herbert Levy, Elsa Schulz, Wendel and Carmen Rottler, Betty Rosentrater, Daniel Chamberlain, and Peter Gravett. We also thank Marcy McGaugh for her careful transcription of interviews.

Our search for documents was greatly facilitated by Kenneth Schlessinger, archivist at the National Archives, Victor Berch and Peter Carroll at the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives, and Wayne Keller at the Wesleyan Archives. We also thank Joe Wilson Jr., Professor Daniel
Gibran, and Professor Ling-chi Wang for steering us to helpful research materials.

Special thanks to journalists Joseph Galloway and Del Walters, who helped bring the story to public attention.

Without the vision of publishing professionals who championed this book, it would not have seen the light of day. We are grateful to Charles Harris and Manie Barron; our agents, Richard Abate and Marie Brown; and our editor, Dawn Davis.

Finally, we thank our families, especially our spouses, Edward Carter III, and Janet Carter, for their continuing encouragement and steadfast moral support.