How Animals Grieve (29 page)

Desmond, Jane,
143
,
144

Dexter (cat),
19

Didion, Joan,
146

Dinah (rabbit),
45

Dog Chapel (VT),
140

dogs: anticipation of owner’s arrival,
21–22
,
28
; companions separated before death,
108
; cross-species grief,
111
; dog-to-dog attention,
25
; domestication and human bond,
20
,
24–25
; elephant’s bond with,
62
; grief-related behavior,
25–27
,
30–31
,
165
; love and loyalty among,
22–24
; love and loyalty for humans,
21–22
,
25–26
; memorials for,
113–14
; obituary,
143
; perception,
120
; polar bears playing with,
109–10
; variability in behaviors,
29–30

dolphins: alleged suicide,
120
,
121–22
; corpse-carrying behavior,
98–99
; mother’s response to dead newborn,
97–98
,
164
; strandings,
101
,
121–22
; whales playing with,
99–100
; yearly slaughter,
120–21

domestication,
20
,
24–25
,
156–57

Dosa, David,
29

double-anticipation hunting,
85

Douglas-Hamilton, Iain,
52–54
,
56
,
164

drugs,
27
,
35

ducks,
39–40
,
165

DuMond Conservancy (Miami),
75–76

Dunne, John,
146

Dusty (cat),
18–19

Egyptian tombs,
156

Eleanor (elephant),
54–56
,
164

Elephant Memories
(Moss),
57

elephants: bones caressed by,
56–59
,
95
; cognition and emotional attachments,
2
; goats compared with,
5
; grief for human,
140
; grief of females,
52
,
54–56
,
62–63
; interactions and relationships among,
53–54
,
56
; near-burial of carcass by,
59–60
; post-traumatic stress syndrome,
123
; solitary existence forced on,
60–61
; specific versus generalized grief and,
164

Elephant Sanctuary (Hohenwald, TN),
107
; caregivers’ attention,
60
;
companion
dog’s death,
106–9
; elephants’ relationships and response to death,
61–63

elevated-maze test,
73–74

emotional lives (animal): broader perspective on,
166–67
; curiosity versus,
79
; definitions and hypotheses,
8–10
,
163–65
,
167
; fear studied in,
138–39
; older animal’s response to younger ones and,
15–18
,
35
,
39
,
91–92
; personality differences,
132
; social history of,
38–39
; theory of mind and,
85
; unknown in prehistory,
158–59
; upset caused by absence of companion,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
107–8
,
164
; variations in parent-child ties,
35–36
.
See also
animal-behavior science; cross-species grief; grief; help strategies; joy; love; mother-child ties; sibling ties

Engh, Anne L.,
72–73
,
76
,
83

England, dolphin strandings off coast,
121–22

Enyo, Eisaburo,
21–22

EPCs (extra-pair copulations),
90

Ephron, Nora,
89–90

equines.
See
horses and ponies

ethical treatment: animal study concerns,
74
; changing attitudes toward,
77
,
86–87
; compassionate awareness,
123–24
,
167
; farm animal issues,
115–16
; “good death,”
113
; increased oversight,
119
; understanding key to,
130
; videotaping and,
103
.
See also
help strategies; rescue organizations and sanctuaries

Ethiopia, monkeys at Guassa,
68–70

Evans, Karen,
100–101

Evans, Sian,
76

evolutionary theory: emergence,
117–18
; grief in context of,
49–51
; monogamy not based in,
89–90
; null hypothesis,
65–70

extra-pair copulations (EPCs),
90

extremophiles,
135

farm animals: lack of research on,
38
; sanctuaries for,
39–40
.
See also
bile farms; chickens; ducks; goats; horses and ponies; oxen; pigs

Farm Sanctuary (organization),
39–40
,
167

Fashing, Peter,
68–70

felines.
See
cats

feral cats,
19–20
,
113–14

Fernandes, Diane,
130–31

Fiesta (chicken),
39

Fifi (chimpanzee),
125

Flame (chimpanzee),
80–81

Flint (chimpanzee),
80–81
,
83
,
122
,
143
,
164

Flipper
(film),
120
,
121

Flo (chimpanzee),
80–81
,
125
,
143
,
164

Florida: Center for Great Apes,
78
; DuMond Conservancy,
75–76
; Miami Seaquarium,
121

Flowe, Karen and Ron,
11–13
,
14–17

Fly Away Home
(film),
91

foie gras production,
39

forced-swim test,
73–74

Formicola, Vincenzo,
153–54

4BarW Ranch (Gloucester County, VA),
3
,
4

Fouts, Roger,
141–42

France: Chauvet Cave paintings,
136
,
153
; Neandertal burial site,
158

Franklin Park Zoo (Boston),
130–31

friendship.
See
cross-species friendship

Fritz (cat),
18

Galbari, Nuala,
42
,
112–13

Gardner, Beatrix and Allen,
141

gazelles,
118

Genocide Memorial Center (Rwanda),
160

Gere, Richard,
22

Germany.
See
Berlin

Giambro,
Roseann,
131–32

Gifts of the Crow
(Marzluff and Angell),
96

Ginger (dog),
27

Gioia, Joy,
45–47

glucocorticoid (GC) hormone,
72–73

goats,
4
; cross-species grief,
111–12
; emotional lives,
3
,
5
; leaving body for viewing,
37–38
; need for goatlike companions,
36–37

Goat Song
(Kessler),
3
,
5

“goat-songs,” Greek tragedies as,
5

Godi (chimpanzee),
126
,
127–28

Goldman, Francisco and Aura,
145
,
150
,
160–61

Goliath (chimpanzee),
125

Gombe (Tanzania): chimpanzees’ grief,
80–81
,
164
; chimpanzees’ tools,
79
,
125
; response to chimpanzee’s sudden death,
126–28
,
133

Goodall, Jane: on chimpanzees’ grief,
2
; on chimpanzees’ spiritual moments,
147
; on chimpanzees’ tools,
79
,
125
; on Flo and Flint,
81
,
143
; on maternal behavior variability,
36
; referenced,
8
,
78
; on Ruth Davis,
125–26

goose, Canadian,
91–92

gorillas,
130–33

Grace (elephant),
54
,
55

Grandin, Temple,
148

Grapelli (chimpanzee),
79–80
,
83

Gravem, Trena,
166

Gray and White (cat),
113–14

great apes: childrearing behavior,
74–75
; grief-related behavior in zoos (gorillas),
129–33
; human connection to (orangutans),
78–79
.
See also
chimpanzees

Great Britain, dolphin strandings off coast,
121–22

Greater Vancouver Zoo (BC),
60–61

Gresham, Joy Davidman,
146–47
,
150

grief (animal): anxieties due to changes in routine versus,
13
; biological underpinning,
49–51
; as born from love,
21
,
31
,
40
,
89
,
161–62
,
165–66
; definitions and hypotheses,
8–10
,
163–65
,
167
; embodied knowledge of,
14
; humans as cause,
123–24
; null hypothesis,
65–70
; variability,
2
,
6
,
7–8
,
29–30
,
35
,
38
,
62–63
,
166
; younger companions to alleviate,
15–18
,
35
,
39
,
91–92
.
See also
cross-species grief; help strategies; vocalizations of grief;
and specific animals

grief (human): anticipation,
113
,
151–52
,
168–69
; for cats and dogs,
13
,
14
,
19
,
112–14
; for child,
7
,
149
; for elephant,
62
; joking despite,
84
; meaning-making around,
159–60
; memoirs of,
7
,
145–52
; for orangutan,
78–79
; for sea turtle,
102
; sewn beads in double-child burial as prehistoric evidence of,
153–54
; wider scale of,
160–62
; witnesses to,
26
,
27
.
See also
art; rituals

Grief Observed, A
(Lewis),
146–47
,
148–49
,
150

grizzly bears,
136

grooming: baboons,
71
; cats,
13
; cats by dogs,
18
,
111
; chimpanzee corpses,
69
,
69
,
82
,
83
,
84–85
,
128–29
; chimpanzees,
9
,
68
,
72–73
,
81
; geese,
88–89
; gorillas,
132

Guardian
(London),
122
,
149

Guinea, chimpanzee illness in Bossou,
81–83

Hachiko (dog),
21–22

Haessle, Jean-Marie,
161–62

Haley (cat),
19–20

Ham (chimpanzee),
77
,
78
,
79
,
80
,
86

hamster-snake bond,
110

Hare, Brian,
24–25

Harlow, Harry F.,
15–16

Harper (mulard duck),
39–40
,
165

Hatkoff, Amy,
38–39

Hawaiian
Islands: dolphin and whale playing off coast,
100
; Turtle Beach,
101–2

Hawkeye (dog),
30–31

Heartburn
(film),
89–90

Heidi (dog),
27

Heinrich, Bernd,
89
,
91
,
92–93

Helling, Janelle,
33–34
,
36–38

help strategies: for dog’s grief,
27
; drug treatments,
27
,
35
; for horse depression,
35
; for misbehavior,
45
; new companions,
15
,
16–17
,
20
,
44
,
47
,
50
; younger animals to engage older ones,
15–18
,
35
,
39
,
91–92
.
See also
leaving body for viewing

Henshilwood, Christopher,
157

“herd mentality,”
34

hippos,
110–11

Histoires Naturelles
(Renard),
14–15