Read How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-Based Medicine Online
Authors: Trisha Greenhalgh
If outcome event is undesirable (e.g. death)
CER = risk of undesirable outcome in control group =
a
/(
a
+
b
)
EER = risk of undesirable outcome in experimental group =
c
/(
c
+
d
)
Relative risk of undesirable event in experimental versus control group = EER/CER
Absolute risk reduction in treated group (ARR) = CER − EER
Number needed to treat (NNT) = 1/ARR = 1/(CER − EER)
If outcome event is desirable (e.g. cure)
CER = risk of desirable outcome in control group =
a
/(
a
+ b)
EER = risk of desirable outcome in experimental group =
c
/(
c
+
d
)
Relative benefit increase in treated versus control group = EER/CER
Absolute benefit increase in treated versus control group = EER − CER
Number needed to treat (NNT) = 1/ARR = 1/(EER − CER)
Acknowledgement
Thanks to Paul Glasziou from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine for clarification on these concepts.
Index
absolute risk reduction (ARR)
absolutism
absorptive capacity (organisations)
academic detailing
accessible standards
‘accountability culture’
accuracy
ACP PIER
additional risk
adult learning
advertising, DTCA
advice for patients
AGREE instrument
allocation concealment, CONSORT checklist
analysis of variance
anecdotes
DTCA
anti-inflammatory drugs, non-steroidal
anticoagulant therapy
applicability
clinical
guidelines
appraisal, critical,
see
critical appraisal
ARR (absolute risk reduction)
aspirin, meta-analyses
assessment
‘blind’
clinical guidelines
methodological quality
needs
assumptions, unquestioned
avoidable suffering
baseline data, CONSORT checklist
baseline differences
behavioural learning
bias
expectation
selection
systematic
work-up (verification)
biological markers of disease
‘blind’ assessment
blinding, CONSORT checklist
blobbogram,
see
forest plot
bluffing, deliberate
boundaries
fuzzy
organisational
break-even point
browsing, informal
Caesarean section,
see
induced delivery
CardioSource
care, quality of
care pathways, integrated (critical)
case
systematic bias
case reports
case studies
‘caseness’
causation
tests for
CBT (cognitive behaviour therapy)
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM)
CHAIN (Contact, Help, Advice and Information Network)
‘champions’
cheating with statistical tests
checklist
CONSORT
context-sensitive
QADAS
systematic reviews data sources
choice, informed
cholesterol
hypercholesterolaemia
Cinderella conditions
citation chaining
classical management theory
clinical applicability
clinical decision-making
clinical disagreement
clinical evidence
clinical freedom
clinical guidelines
implementation
clinical heterogeneity
clinical prediction rules
‘clinical queries’
clinical questions
clinical trials
non-randomised controlled
RCT,
see
randomised controlled trials
CME (continuing medical education)
Cochrane, Archie
Cochrane Collaboration
Cochrane EPOC,
see
EPOC group
cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
cohort studies
systematic bias
collection of data
collective knowledge
common sense
comparable groups
COMPASEN format
completeness of follow-up
complex interventions
complexity theory
confidence intervals
diagnostic tests
conflict of interest
consistency
CONSORT statement
RCTs
Contact, Help, Advice and Information Network (CHAIN)
context
context-sensitive checklist
context-specific psychological antecedents
quality improvement case studies
receptive context for change
continuing medical education (CME)
continuous results
control group
controlled clinical trials, non-randomised
controlled trials, randomised,
see
randomised controlled trials
correlation
correlation coefficient
Pearson
cost analysis
cost
cost-minimisation
‘cost per case’
counting-and-measuring perspective
covariables
criteria, stringent
critical appraisal
pre-appraised sources
qualitative papers
critical care pathways
cross-sectional surveys
cumulative meta-analyses
current practice
cut-off point
DALY (disability-adjusted life year)
data
baseline
collection
dredging
paired
pooled
skewed
databases
DARE
EPOC
primary studies
systematic reviews
TRIP
see
also sources, resources
decision-making
evidence-based
evidence-based practice
shared
therapy
deduction
deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
deliberate bluffing
delivery, induced
design
complex interventions
RCT
research
studies
‘detailers’
detailing, academic
diabetes
qualitative research
shared decision-making
yoga control
diagnosis
diagnostic sequence
diagnostic tests
validation
‘dice therapy’
dichotomy
qualitative
direct costs
direct-to-consumer-advertising (DTCA)
disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
disagreement, clinical
discourse analysis
‘doing nothing’
Donald, Anna
‘dose
dredging, data
‘drug reps’
drug treatments
drugs,
see
also therapy, treatments
duration of follow-up
DVT (deep venous thrombosis)
DynaMed
EBM,
see
evidence-based medicine
economic analyses
editorial independence
education for patients
educational intervention, specific
effective searching
efficacy analysis
eligibility criteria
embodied knowledge
endpoints, surrogate
epilepsy
EPOC Group
ethical considerations
drug trials
QALYs
RCTs
ethnography
Evans, Grimley
evidence
application on patients
formalisation
hierarchy of
level of
‘methodologically robust’
evidence-based decision-making
evidence-based guidelines
evidence-based medicine (EBM)
criticisms
essential steps
reading papers
web-based resources
‘evidence-based organisation’
evidence-based policymaking
evidence-based practice
expectation bias
‘expert opinion’
harmful practices
explanation of results
surrogate endpoints
explanatory variables
explicit methods
explicit standards
external validity
‘eXtra’ material
Eysenck, Hans
F
-test
falsifiable hypotheses
federated search engines
‘female hypoactive sexual desire’
focus groups
focusing, progressive
follow-up
forest plot
formalisation of evidence
formulation of problems
freedom, clinical
fuzzy boundaries
‘geeks’
general health questionnaire, SF-36
general psychological antecedents
generalisability
CONSORT checklist
GIDEON (Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network)
GIGO (garbage in, garbage out)
GOBSAT (good old boys sat around a table)
‘gold standard’ test
good clinical questions
Google Scholar
Grimshaw, Jeremy
Grol, Richard
group relations theory
groups
comparable
focus
subgroups
guidelines
as formalised evidence
implementation
practice
SQUIRE
guiding principles
Guyatt, Gordon
hands-on information
hanging comparative
harmful practices
‘expert opinion’
health professionals
evidence-based practice
shared decision-making
health-related lifestyle
Helman, Cecil
‘here and now’
heterogeneity