Idiot Brain (41 page)

26
S. S. Shergill et al., “Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 2000, 157(10), pp. 1691–3

27
P. Allen et al., “The hallucinating brain: a review of structural and
functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations,”
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
, 2008, 32(1), pp. 175–91

28
S.-J. Blakemore et al., “The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring,”
Psychological Medicine
, 2000, 30(05), pp. 1131–9

29
See n. 27, above

30
R. L. Buckner and D. C. Carroll, “Self-projection and the brain,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
, 2007, 11(2), pp. 49–57

31
A. W. Young, K. M. Leafhead and T. K. Szulecka, “The Capgras and Cotard delusions,”
Psychopathology
, 1994, 27(3–5), pp. 226–31

32
M. Coltheart, R. Langdon, and R. McKay, “Delusional belief,”
Annual Review of Psychology
, 2011, 62, pp. 271–98

33
P. Corlett et al., “Toward a neurobiology of delusions,”
Progress in Neurobiology
, 2010, 92(3), pp. 345–69

34
J. T. Coyle, “The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia,”
Harvard Review of Psychiatry
, 1996, 3(5), pp. 241–53

Index

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device's search function to locate particular terms in the text.

acetylcholine 285

action potentials 40

Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall
(Milligan) 11–12

adrenalin 31, 32, 43, 91, 98

junkies 102 (
see also
fear: love of)

alcohol:

and depression 272

and memory 52–7

and social anxieties 86

Alzheimer's disease 69, 142, 146
n
(
see also
dementia; mental health)

amnesia,
see
memory

amygdala 29, 31, 89, 99, 156, 200, 203, 213, 219, 230, 243, 289, 296–7

anorexia 17

anterior cingulate cortex 243, 257, 270

anterior cingulate gyrus 182

anterior hippocampus 103

aphasia 225–6, 228

Broca's 225

Wernicke's 225–6

apophenia 79–80

appetite 12–14 (
see also
diet and eating)

artificial light 20

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 142

auditory cortex 226

bodily movement 7

body temperature 20

braille 166

brain (
see also
nervous system):

and aphasia 225, 228

boosting power of 135–43 (
see also
intelligence)

and pharmaceuticals 141–2

and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tCDS) 142–3

and brainwaves 21 (
see also
sleep)

and control of others 231–9

door-in-face technique 234–5, 239

foot-in-door technique 233–4, 239

impression management 237

low-ball technique 235–6

reciprocity 239

and relationships 240–6

and delusions,
see
delusions

and drug addiction 283–91

and ego 58–66, 242

fight-or-flight response in 27–33, 75, 80, 91, 104, 107, 280 (
see also
fear)

and Gage 188–90

and group dynamics 246–54, 256–60

and bystander effect 251

and group polarization 252–3

and groupthink 251–2

and hallucinations,
see
hallucinations

and language processing 39, 124, 219, 224–7

and NLP 227–8

and London taxi drivers 140

and memory,
see
memory

and mental health,
see
mental health

motion sickness created by 8–12

lack of 11

at sea 11–12

and motivation's origin 213

neurons in,
see
neurons

and neuroplasticity 270, 301

and nutrition 147

observation by 152–87

attention 177–87

hearing 161–4, 166–7

proprioception 9, 153

smell 154–61

taste 159–61

touch 161–2, 164–7

vision 167–77

other people's influence on 222–62

facial expression 223–4, 228–31

non-verbal communication 223–4, 228–31

pattern recognition by 78–9, 80

and personality types 195 (
see also
personality)

and pronounced locus of control 82–3

redundancy built into 189

scans 38, 84, 103, 115, 121, 124, 136, 236
n

“selves” within 212

size of 147–8

and sleep,
see
sleep

structure of:

amygdala 29, 31, 89, 99, 156, 200, 203, 213, 219, 230, 243, 289, 296–7

anterior cingulate cortex 243, 257, 270

anterior cingulate gyrus 182

anterior hippocampus 103

auditory cortex 226

brainstem 6, 28

Broca's area 39, 124, 224–6

caudate nucleus 243

cerebrum 6, 230

corpus callosum 138

dorsal cingulate cortex 257

frontal cortex 49, 202, 213, 219

frontal lobe 38, 134, 226

fusiform gyrus 259

hippocampus 41–2, 55, 70, 74, 83, 99, 103, 140, 147, 156, 194, 200, 203, 219, 296

hormone-regulating areas 106

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis 106–7, 270, 276

hypothalamus 29

inferior frontal gyrus 226

inferior temporal gyrus 85

limbic system 156–7, 230

lingual gyrus 259

medial insula 243

mesolymbic (“reward”) pathway 96, 97, 98–9, 103, 219, 284–5, 289

mid-cingulate gyrus 194

middle temporal gyrus 226

motor cortex 21, 139, 230

neocortex 6, 14, 231

nucleus accumbens 96–7

occipital lobe 173, 295

orbitofrontal cortex 194, 201, 203

parietal lobe 124, 139, 182, 183, 219, 259

periaqueductal gray 200

pineal gland 19

posterior cingulate gyrus 243

posterior hippocampus 194

posterior parietal cortex 184

prefrontal cortex 38, 121, 123, 124, 134, 137, 147, 181–2, 194, 237, 243, 257, 259, 287, 296

pulvinar nucleus 184

putamen 226, 230, 243

“reptile” brain 6, 14, 28

sensory cortex 295, 297

somatosensory cortex 164, 165, 166

substantia nigra 263

superior colliculus 184

superior temporal gyrus 226

supramarginal gyrus 124

temporal lobes 41, 71, 182, 194, 226, 295

thalamus 28–9, 171, 294

vagus nerve 11

ventral tegumental area 96–7

visual cortex 173–4, 229

Wernicke's area 39, 224–6

superior intelligence of, in humans,
see
intelligence

surgery on 71

of taxi drivers 42

and treating others badly 254–62

Milgram experiment concerning 255–6

white matter in 138, 140, 141

brainstem 6, 28

Broca, Pierre Paul 224

Broca's area 39, 124, 224–6

bulimia 17

Burke, Edmund 254

Bush, George W. 130

bystander effect 251

cannabis 251–2

caudate nucleus 243

cerebrum 6, 230

Challenger
shuttle 26

change blindness 186

circadian rhythms 19

cochlea 162–3

cocktail-party effect 179, 182

comfort eating 16

compliments,
see
criticism vs praise

confirmation bias 109

conspiracy theories 77–84, 85

corpus callosum 138

cortisol 83, 106, 107–8, 201, 202, 278

counterfactual thinking 64, 102

covert and overt orientation 183

creationism 168
n

criticism vs praise 104–11

deindividuation 254

delusions 292, 297–301

Capgras 298–9

forms of 297

dementia 69, 74, 134, 142, 146
n
, 292 (
see also
mental health)

and depression 271

dichotic listening 178–9

diet and eating 12–17

and appetite 12–14

for comfort 16

cooked vs raw 12–13
n

disorders concerning 17

habits 15–16

and learned associations 14–15

and taste vs vision 15

dopamine 52, 96, 103, 243, 269, 282, 285

dorsal cingulate cortex 257

driving, and attention 180–1

dualism 188, 189

Dunning–Kruger effect 131–2, 133

eardrum 163

ego 58–66, 242

Einstein, Albert 116–17, 129

endaural phenomena 163

endorphins 208
n
, 288

epilepsy 24, 71, 182
n
, 277–8

exploding head syndrome 164

extra-ocular muscles 11 (
see also
vision)

Eysenck, Hans J. 193

fear 27–8, 29, 75–111

and conspiracy theories 77–84, 85

and horror movies 96, 100

love of 95–104
passim

and panic attacks 92–3

and phobias/social anxieties 86–95

and social anxieties/phobias 86–95

parenting's contribution to 94

and superstition 78–85

and video games 99–100, 201

fight-or-flight response 27–33, 75, 80, 91, 104, 107, 280 (
see also
fear)

fingerprints 191–2

Flynn effect 150

fovea 170–1, 184

Freud, Sigmund 207, 208, 217

frontal cortex 49, 202, 213, 219

frontal lobe 38, 134, 226

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 84, 136

fusiform gyrus 259

Genovese, Kitty 250–1

ghrelin 13

glutamate 300

goal orientation 183

groupthink 251–2

Guardian
, comments on website of 77–8

hallucinations 23, 292–7

auditory 164, 293

and illusions 158
n

olfactory 158

Hawking, Stephen 116–17

hedonic principle 207

hibernation 20

hippocampus 41–2, 55, 70, 74, 83, 99, 103, 140, 147, 156, 194, 200, 203, 219, 296

hormone-regulating areas 106

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis 106–7, 270, 276

hypothalamus 29

“In the Face of Fear” 76–7 (
see also
fear)

illusions:

and hallucinations 158
n

olfactory 157–8

inferior frontal gyrus 226

inferior temporal gyrus 85

inner ear 9

intelligence 112–51

boosting 135–43

and pharmaceuticals 141–2

and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tCDS) 142

and brain size 147–8

counterintuitive nature of 128–35, 136

crystallized 122–4, 127, 139

and culture 148–9

and factor analysis 119–20, 126, 195

fluid 122–4, 127, 137, 139

“fixing” of 141

heritability of 144–8

and impostor syndrome 128–9

and IQ 114, 115–18, 121, 214

and physical height 144

Spearman's analysis of 120

and manipulation of information 114–15

measuring 113–18

and metacognitive ability 134

and nutrition 147

and physical height 143, 146–7, 150

and preconceptions 149

Primary Mental Abilities of 125–6

and savants 125

in soccer players 124–5

and Spearman's
g
119–21, 127

types of 119–27

worldwide growth of 150

Internet 7, 78, 246, 258

Introduction to Personality
(Phares, Chaplin) 190

jet-lag 19

jobs, types and nature of 7

“just world” hypothesis 261

Kingston, Miles 124

Koontz, Dean 95–6

Kpelle tribe 148–9

leptin 13

limbic system 156–7, 230

lingual gyrus 259

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
(Sacks) 228

Maslow, Abraham 209–10

medial insula 243

melatonin 19

memory 34–74

alcohol as aid to 52–7

brain edits 66

computer memory contrasted with 34–5

and ego-bias 58–66

and encoding 41

episodic/autobiographical 44–5

of faces vs names 45–51

false 67–9

“flashbulb,” after trauma 43–4, 279

going wrong 66–74

and hindsight 61–2

long-term, short-term versus 35–45, 48

primacy effect of 48

recall threshold of 51

recency effect of 48

semantic 45

short-term (“working”) 121, 180

long-term versus 35–45, 48

and sleep 24–5

and smell 156–7

and stroke 70–1

mental health 263–302 (
see also
dementia)

and antidepressants 269, 270

and death 266–7, 278

and depression 266–75, 300

and downward spiral 271–2

and sleep 269–70

and suicide 267

and disorders:

controversy surrounding 265

defined 264

and life-change units 278–9

nervous breakdowns 275–83

and post-traumatic stress disorder 280

and stress 1, 26, 106, 201, 276–83

mesolymbic (“reward”) pathway 96, 97, 98–9, 103, 219, 284–5, 289

“Mexican brainwave” 21

mid-cingulate gyrus 194

middle temporal gyrus 226

Milgram, Stanley 255–6

Miller's law 37

Milligan, Spike 11–12

monoamine hypothesis 269

Monty Python's Flying Circus
252
n