Ike's Spies (54 page)

35.
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, p. 249.

36.
Kahn,
Hitler's Spies
, p. 615.

37.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,894–95.

1.
J. M. Stagg,
Forecast for Overlord
, p. 67.

2.
David Kahn,
Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War 11
, p. 514; J. C. Masterman,
The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945
, pp. 156–57.

3.
Walter Warlimont,
Inside Hitler's Headquarters
, p. 422; Anthony Cave Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, p. 639.

4.
Masterman,
Double-Cross
, pp. 156–57; Kahn,
Hitler's Spies
, pp. 515–16.

5.
Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 317; Masterman,
Double-Cross
, p. 157; Kahn,
Hitler's Spies
, p. 515.

6.
Masterman,
Double-Cross
, pp. 160–61.

7.
These summaries are all in SHAEF SGS 350.09/2, Record Group 331, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

8.
Masterman,
Double-Cross
, pp. 158–59.

9.
Ibid., p. 163.

10.
Richard Harris Smith,
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
, p. 163.

11.
Anthony Cave Brown, ed.,
The Secret War Report of the OSS
, p. 399.

12.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,927, 1,932.

13.
Brown, ed.,
Secret War Report of OSS
, p. 403; Smith, 055, p. 175.

14.
Smith,
OSS
, p. 179.

15.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,771, 1,852, 1,857.

16.
M. R. D. Foot,
SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations in France
, p. 350.

17.
Brown,
Bodyguard
, p. 567; Brown, ed.,
Secret War Report of OSS
, p. 391.

18.
“AFHQ History of Special Operations,” MTO 1942–45, in Modern Military Records, National Archives.

19.
Foot,
SOE
, p. 389.

20.
Ibid., p. 398.

21.
Brown, ed.,
Secret War Report of OSS
, p. 459.

22.
Foot,
SOE
, p. 399.

23.
Brown, ed.,
Secret War Report of OSS
, p. 453.

24.
Report by the Supreme Commander to the CCS on Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force
(London, 1946), pp. 52–53.

25.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,926, 1,932.

26.
Forrest C. Pogue,
The Supreme Command
, pp. 236–37.

27.
Quoted in Foot,
SOE
, pp.
441–42
. Foot adds, “It is impossible to overlook the contrast [with Montgomery]. Resistance is barely mentioned in either of the volumes in which Montgomery recounts the triumphs that, but for resistance, would not have been so easily won.”

28.
Wainwright interview.

29.
Ibid.

1.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, pp. 459–60.

2.
F. W. Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, p. 200.

3.
Ibid., p. 199.

4.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 466.

5.
Interview with Eisenhower.

6.
Martin Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 460.

7.
Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 337.

8.
Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, p. 215.

9.
Arthur W. Tedder,
With Prejudice: The War Memoirs of Marshall of the Air Force, Lord Tedder
, p. 575; Omar N. Bradley,
A Soldier's Story
, pp. 369–72; Eisenhower Papers, pp. 2,059–60.

10.
Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 461.

11.
Ibid., pp. 462–63.

12.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 339.

13.
Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 464.

14.
Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, p. 220.

15.
Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 464.

16.
Ibid., p. 465.

17.
Ibid., p. 474; Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, p. 227, writes, “It had been an epic story. The
ULTRA
signals between Hitler and von Kluge which led up to the Battle of Falaise and the destruction of a large part of the German Army in the West were probably
ULTRA'S
greatest triumph.”

18.
Harry Butcher's diary, August 5, 1944.

19.
Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, p. 221; Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 481. In Montgomery's defense, it should be noted that a heavy air bombardment preceded the Canadian attack and it would have been difficult to reschedule the participation of the bombers. Difficult, but not impossible.

20.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, pp. 473–75.

21.
Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 491.

22.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,060.

23.
Butcher's diary, August 16, 1944; Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 477.

24.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, pp. 476–77.

25.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 345.

26.
Blumenson,
Breakout and Pursuit
, p. 558.

27.
U. S. Military Academy, Department of Military Art and Engineering,
West Point Atlas of American Wars
, vol. II, map 55.

28.
Adolph G. Rosengarten, Jr., “With Ultra from Omaha Beach to Weimar, Germany—A Personal View,” in
Military Affairs
, vol. XLII (October 1978), p. 129.

1.
Sir Kenneth Strong,
Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer
, p. 112.

2.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D, Eisenhower
, p. 339.

3.
Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 176.

4.
Ibid., p. 116.

5.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 944; interview with Eisenhower.

6.
Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 117.

7.
Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 176.

8.
Ibid., p. 114.

9.
Interview with Eisenhower.

10.
Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 135.

11.
Ibid., p. 230.

12.
Omar N. Bradley,
A Soldier's Story
, p. 416.

13.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 518.

14.
Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 347.

15.
Ibid., p. 348.

16.
Interview with Strong; Cornelius Ryan,
A Bridge Too Far
, p. 104.

17.
Ryan,
Bridge Too Far
, p. 105.

18.
Ibid., p. 131.

19.
Ibid., p. 130; Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 202.

20.
Interview with Eisenhower.

21.
Ryan,
Bridge Too Far
, p. 130.

22.
Ibid., pp. 130–31.

23.
Ibid., p. 517.

24.
Strong to author, March 19, 1979.

25.
Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 202.

1.
This account of German preparations for the Bulge is based on Peter Elstob,
Hitler's Last Offensive
, pp. 46–50, and John S. D. Eisenhower,
The Bitter Woods
, and Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, pp. 355–57.

2.
Harry Butcher's diary, December 16, 1944.

3.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,350.

4.
Adolph G. Rosengarten, Jr., “With Ultra …,”
Military Affairs
vol. XLII (October 1978), p. 130.

5.
Ibid., p. 129.

6.
Strong to author, March 19, 1979.

7.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,329.

8.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,335.

9.
Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 132.

10.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, p. 554; Forrest C. Pogue,
The Supreme Command
, pp. 361–65.

11.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 361–65.

12.
Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 130.

13.
Patrick Beesly,
Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty's Intelligence Centre, 1939–1945
, pp. 242–43.

14.
Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 130.

15.
Richard Harris Smith,
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
, p. 225.

16.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,117.

17.
Butcher's diary, December 23, 1944.

18.
Strong to author, March 19, 1979.

19.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 558.

20.
Butcher's diary, December 23, 1944.

21.
Sir Kenneth Strong,
Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer
, p. 233.

22.
Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 131.

23.
Strong,
Intelligence
, p. 245.

24.
Rosengarten's report is part of a series, “Reports by U. S. Army ULTRA Representatives with Army Field Commands in the European Theater of Operations,” Record Group 457, N.S.A., SH H-023 Part 1, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Buck's report is in ibid.

27.
Rood's report is in ibid.

28.
Fellers' report is in ibid.

29.
Talbert's report is in ibid.

30.
Cornelius Ryan,
The Last Battle
, p. 210.

31.
Ibid., p. 212.

32.
Quoted in ibid., p. 213.

33.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower and Berlin: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe
, pp. 75–76.

34.
Quoted in ibid., p. 75; see also, Rodney G. Minott,
The Fortress That Never Was
.

35.
Sir Kenneth Strong,
Men of Intelligence
, p. 124.

36.
Quoted by Rosengarten in his report to Taylor.

1.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, p. 325.

2.
Eisenhower diary, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Herbert F. York,
The Advisers: Oppenheimer, Teller, and The Super-bomb
, pp. 31–37.

5.
Policy Planning Staff Paper No. 32, January 10, 1948, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

6.
Eisenhower diary.

7.
Ibid.

1.
Richard Harris Smith,
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Intelligence Agency
, p. 363.

2.
Ibid., p. 20.

3.
Ibid., p. 363.

4.
Ibid., p. 364.

5.
Ibid., p. 364.

6.
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities
, U. S. Senate, book IV, Senate Report No. 94-755, 94th Congress, 2d session, pp. 6–9. Hereinafter cited as Church Committee.

7.
Ibid., p. 12.

8.
Ibid., p. 13.

9.
Ibid., p. 31.

10.
Edmond Taylor,
Awakening From History
, p. 350, as quoted in Smith,
OSS
, p. 361.

11.
Francis P. Miller,
Men From the Valley
, as quoted in Smith,
OSS
, p. 362.

12.
Washington
Post
, December 22, 1963; there is a good discussion in David Wise and Thomas Ross,
The Invisible Government
, pp. 95–98.

13.
Church Committee, book IV, p. 31.

14.
Harry Rositzke,
The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action
, pp. 186–87.

15.
Wise and Ross,
Invisible Government
, pp. 96–97.

16.
Quoted in Herbert Feis,
From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War
, p. 296.

17.
Rositzke,
CIA's Secret Operations
, p. 23.

18.
Ibid., p. 53.

19.
Hunt interview.

20.
Smith,
OSS
, p. 367.

21.
Ibid., p. 367; William Buckley and L. Brant Bozell,
McCarthy and His Enemies
.

22.
Eisenhower interview.

23.
Ibid.

24.
Macomber interview; Hunt interview; Bissell interview.

25.
Sir Kenneth Strong,
Men of Intelligence
, pp. 124–25.

26.
Anderson interview.

27.
Strong,
Men of Intelligence
, p. 135.

28.
Thomas Braden, “I'm Glad the CIA is ‘Immoral,' ”
Saturday Evening Post
, May 20, 1967, as quoted in Smith,
OSS
, pp. 368–69.

29.
According to the Church Committee, which investigated the CIA in the mid-seventies, “during the early 1950's the CIA attracted some of the most able lawyers, academicians, and young, committed activists in the country.” Church Committee, book IV, p. 43.