In-N-Out Burger (34 page)

“You can find your way across this country using burger joints”:
Charles Kuralt, CBS Morning, as cited in John T. Edge,
Hamburgers & Fries, An American Story
(New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2005).

“the fast-food industry was growing”:
This figure averaged from the percentage chain of sales growth reported by the National Restaurant Association between the years 1970 and 1979 and cited in Robert L. Emerson,
The New Economics of Fast Food
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), 23.

“Between 1965 and 1971, Kentucky Fried Chicken”:
Robert L. Emerson,
The New Economics of Fast Food
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), 7.

“Between 1965 and 1973, the number of McDonald's outlets”:
Ibid.

“Between 1945 and 1960, the Valley's population”:
Kevin Roderick, “America's Suburb Timeline,” The Valley Observed, http://www.Americassuburb.com/timeline.html.

“that earned it the nickname”:
Kevin Roderick,
The San Fernando Valley: America's Suburb
(Los Angeles: Los Angeles Times Books, 2001).

“North Hollywood drive-through was close to the Hollywood Freeway,”:
Los Angeles City Department of Transportation, Cahuenga Parkway report, http://www.lacity.org/ladot/TopicsAndTales/Freeway4.pdf.

“Over 12 Billion Sold.”:
“The Burger that Conquered America,”
Time
, September 14, 1973.

“the chain launched its $50 million ‘You Deserve a Break Today' campaign”:
Ibid.

“In 1965, McDonald's went public”:
McDonald's corporate history; Ray Kroc with Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's
(Chicago: H. Regnery, 1977), 149.

“Over the next thirty-five years, the stock split twelve times.”
“McDonald's the Rise and Stall,”
Businessweek
, March 2, 2003, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_09/b3822087_mz017.htm.

“In 1969, the year of Taco Bell's IPO,”:
Taco Bell corporate history, http://www.tacobell.com/.

“KFC (as it later became known) was listed”:
KFC corporate history, http://www.kfc.com/about/history.asp.

“When Carl Karcher took his company public in 1981,”:
Carl Karcher Enterprises corporate history, http://www.ckr.com/about_history.html#80s; Louise Kramer, “Carl Karcher,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, February 1996.

“In 1967, the Pillsbury Company”:
Eric Berg, “Burger King's Angry Franchisees,”
New York Times
, November 14, 1988.

“Ralston-Purina, best known as a maker of breakfast cereals and pet foods,”:
“Goodall Forges Buyout,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, May 13, 1985.

“General Foods Corporation purchased Burger Chef”:
Connie J. Zeigler, “Burger Chef,”
Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 364.

“A successful Indianapolis-based chain”:
Ibid.; John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle,
Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 120.

“By 1970, Kentucky Fried Chicken had made”:
“Franchising: Too Much, Too Soon,”
Businessweek
, June 27, 1970.

“McDonald's announced it was going to increase the price”:
Michael Karl Witzel,
The American Drive-In Restaurant
(St. Paul: MBI Publishing, 1994), 175.

“Burger King waited until May 17, 2006,”:
“BK Sets IPO Price,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, May 15, 2006.

“Two years after General Foods purchased Burger Chef,”: Remembering Burger Chef
, http://www.waymarking.com/cat/details.aspx?f=1&guid=65766bda–9049–4276–9ee6–1fe3ed9e6d1f&exp=True.

“In 1972, General Foods took a $75 million loss”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 279.

“and a decade later sold the chain”:
“Hardee's to Buy Burger Chef,”
New York Times
, December 10, 1981.

“McDonald's actually picked up the pace”:
Robert L. Emerson,
The New Economics of Fast Food
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), 10.

“As Robert McKay, the general manager of Taco Bell,”:
“A Promising Mañana,”
Forbes
, August 1, 1977.

“beef prices were rising sharply.”:
John Mariani,
America Eats Out
(New York: William Morrow & Co., 1991), 174.

“Over the next few years, nearly all of them began”:
Ibid., 174, 176.

“McDonald's added its Quarter Pounder;”:
McDonald's history listing, http://www.mcdepk.com/50/downloads/history_listing.pdf.

“Wendy's began offering stuffed baked potatoes,”:
John Mariani,
America Eats Out
(New York: William Morrow & Co., 1991), 176.

“Burger King launched its ‘Have It Your Way' campaign”:
“Jack v. Mac,”
Time
, May 5, 1975; Burger King corporate history of advertising, http://www.bk.com/companyinfo/corporation/history.aspx.

“Watch out McDonald's!”:
“Jack v. Mac,”
Time
, May 5, 1975.

“In some areas, local ordinances forbade fast-food restaurants”:
John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle,
Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 160.

“residents of Woods Hole, Massachusetts,”:
Ibid., 159.

“In 1975, three community groups protested the efforts”:
“The Fast-Food Furor,”
Time
, April 21, 1975.

“This is what our country is all about”:
“The Burger That Conquered the Country,”
Time
, September 14, 1973.

CHAPTER
9

“It's okay on goals to dream big,”:
Karen de Witt, “The Executive Life; A White House Dinner: The Thrill of a Lifetime,”
New York Times
, June 21, 1992.

“in 1976, when McDonald's posted $3 billion”:
McDonald's history listing, http://www.mcdepk.com/50/downloads/history_listing.pdf.

“He died on December 14, 1976;”:
Obituary,
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, December 15, 1976.

“Hubert Eaton, the founder of Forest Lawn,”:
A history of Eaton and Forest Lawn can be found on the DVD
Forest Lawn: The First Hundred Years
, released in 2006 and available at the Forest Lawn–Glendale museum. Information can also be found in Cecilia Rasmussen, “Cemetery Was Not an End, but a Beginning,”
Los Angeles Times
, April 16, 2000; Carey McWilliams,
Southern California Country, An Island in the Land
(New York: Duell Sloan & Pearce, 1946), 230–231.

“unlike other cemeteries as sunshine is unlike darkness,”:
Eaton composed this statement for his “The Builder's Creed,” written in 1917 and cited in Tom Sitton and William Francis Deverell, eds.,
Metropolis in the Making: Los Angeles in the 1920s
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 346.

“Forest Lawn's Wee Kirk O' the Heather Church”:
Claudia Luther, “Jane Wyman, 90, Oscar Winner First Wife of Reagan,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 11, 2007.

CHAPTER
10

“In 1976, the United States was celebrating its bicentennial”:
Robert L. Emerson,
The New Economics of Fast Food
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), 23.

“It's hard enough to sell burgers, fries, and drinks, right,”:
Ellen Paris, “Where Bob Hope Buys His Burgers,”
Forbes
, June 24, 1989.

“First established in 1958, Sizzler was a pioneer”:
Sizzler corporate history, http://www.sizzler.com/about/our_history.asp.

“At about 7:00 p.m. on August 16, 1978, a fire broke out”:
Randy Woods, “Spectacular Fire Blankets Valley in Dense Smoke,”
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, August 17, 1978.

“the
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
reported”:
Ibid.

“It had outgrown its signature format:”:
Richard Martin, “In-N-Out Burgers Pulls Away from Drive-thru Only Focus,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, June 19, 1989.

“I think double drive-throughs are great;”:
Ibid.

“The couple lived in a $600,000 estate”:
Andrew Bluth and Chris Knap, “Life of Fast Food, Cars Came to an Early Halt,”
Orange County Register
, February 6, 2000.

CHAPTER
11

“In January 1979, Rich hired a local architect to work with him”:
Detailed description of the building of the new headquarters from Baldwin Park Historical Society archives.

“The national news was focused on the new president's supply-side economic policy”:
Irving Kristol, “The Truth about Reaganomics,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 20, 1981; Bernard Gwertzman, “There May Be More to Foreign Policy than Stopping the Soviet,”
New York Times
, April 26, 1981.

“Their wedding attracted 750 million television viewers”:
Jay Cocks, “Magic in the Daylight,”
Time
, April 20, 1981.

“Baldwin Park's chamber of commerce began actively recruiting new businesses”:
Kenneth J. Fanucchi, “Renewal Purses, Chief Quits,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 26, 1981.

Description of the newly built headquarters from Baldwin Park Historical Society archives.

“Inside, specially selected cow and steer chucks arrived”:
Nancy Luna, “A Burger's Journey,”
Orange County Register
, March 31, 2006.

“The chain proudly proclaimed that it paid”:
In-N-Out Burger corporate website, http://www.in-n-out.com/statement.asp.

“After In-N-Out's inspection, a team of skilled butchers boned and removed the meat.”:
Edmund Newton, “Faithful Customers Have No Beef with In-N-Out Burger,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 16, 1990; Nancy Luna, “A Burger's Journey,”
Orange County Register
, March 31, 2006.

“the family-owned chain was selling more than 14 million burgers each year.”:
Donald McAuliffe, “Family Affair,”
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, May 12, 1984.

“Roughly two dozen local business executives”:
“In-N-Out to Build New Warehouse,”
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, February 11, 1986.

“In-N-Out was generating roughly $60 million in sales annually.”:
Richard Martin, “In-N-Out Burgers Pulls Away from Drive-thru Only Focus,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, June 19,1989.

“put the figure closer to $73 million.”:
Estimate provided by Technomic Inc.

“The aims set forth by Harry Snyder since the founding of the company”:
Aileen Pinheiro, comp., “In-N-Out Burger, Inc.: Esther L. Snyder,”
The Heritage of Baldwin Park
, vol. 1 (Dallas, Tex.: Taylor Publishing Co., 1981), 242.

“Every investment banker in the country would love to take them public.”:
Deborah Silver, “Burger Worship,”
Restaurant & Institutions
, November 1, 1999.

“As early as 1986, Rich remarked that he had to deny the IPO rumor”:
“In-N-Out to Build New Warehouse,”
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, February 11, 1986.

“In-N-Out is a great vehicle to do something like that,”:
Mark Sachs, “In-N-Out: A Short Menu Means Steady Growth,”
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, August 24, 1992.

“On March 16, 1982, approximately three months after moving in,”: The Heritage of Baldwin Park
, April 6, 1992, 2–4.

“Come join us for an evening of fun,”:
In-N-Out Burger and the Baldwin Park chamber of commerce invitation, September 27, 1990.

“Rich tapped longtime friend Richard Boyd,”: In-N-Out v. Richard Boyd, Richard Boyd v. In-N-Out,
BC345657, filed January 10, 2009, 9–10.

CHAPTER
12

“In 1961, McDonald's had founded its own Hamburger University”:
Ray Kroc with Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's
(Chicago: H. Regnery, 1977), 126.

“In 1983, the company moved from the Elk Grove Village”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 149.

“The year that In-N-Out University was established, there were about thirty stores”:
Donald McAuliffe, “Family Affair,”
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, May 12, 1984.

“In contrast, during the first quarter of 1984 alone, McDonald's had opened”:
“Record Profits at McDonald's,” Associated Press, April 24, 1994.

“generating $8 billion annually.”:
Eric Pace, “Ray A. Kroc dies at 81; Built McDonald's Chain,”
New York Times
, January 15, 1984.