Intertextuality and the Reading of Midrash (34 page)

beauty. (See Nancy Vickers, "The 'blazon of sweet beauty's best': Shakespeare's
Lucrece," in Shakespeare and the Question of Theory
, ed. Patricia Parker and Geoffrey Hartman [New York, 1985], pp. 95–116.) Does this render ancient Hebrew society any less patriarchal? I rather doubt it, but it does perhaps further unsettle "literature" as a univocal reflection of other social practices.

1. See E. Slomovic, "Patterns of Midrashic Impact on the Rabbinic Midrashic Tale,"
   Journal for the Study of Judaism
   , XIX (1988), pp. 61–91.
   

2. See Robert Alter, "The Psalms," in Alter and Kermode, pp. 257–258.
   

3. This is, in fact, one of the few examples of true typology in midrash.
   

4. Alon GoshenGottstein pointed out to me the importance of this passage for understanding R. Akiva's midrash, although he does not accept my interpretation.
   

5. Sifre Deuteronomy
   ad Deut. 6:5.
   

6. Urbach, "Canticles," p. 251.
   

7. Palestinian Talmud,
   Berakot
   9:5.
   

8. Baer, pp. 2–3.
   

9. Bruns, "Midrash and Allegory," p. 632.
   

10. See also Alter introduction, p. 31, who remarks "the strong elements of internal allusion in Hebrew Scripture that at many points make it a set of texts in restless dialogue with one another."
    

11. Kugel, "Two Introductions to Midrash," p. 90.
    

Page 159

A

Aaron, 43, 45, 47

Abraham, 10

Acmeist poetics, 37

Adam, 23, 24

Aesthetics, 9

Akhmatova, Anna, 37

Akiva, Rabbi, 11314, 11729

Allegoresis, 20, 108109, 110

Allegory, 19, 108, 115, 116, 152n

Alon, Gedaliah, 119

Ambiguity, 5779 Amoraim, aggada of, 19 Anaphora, 122

Anomalist methods, 72

Apocalypse, 13

Archetypes, 8586

Arendt, Hannah, 3738

Aristotle, 1, 18

Auerbach, Erich, 41

Augustine, 6869, 71

B

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 12, 23, 140n Bar Kochba rebellion, 5

Ben Azzai, Rabbi, 109, 110 Benjamin, Walter, 37, 139n Benveniste, Emile, 121

Bible, 1, 2, 4, 1518;

Deuteronomy, 25, 3132, 35, 4445, 76;

as dialogical in nature, 12, 33;

Ecclesiastes, 83, 107;

Genesis, 16, 1718;

as historiography, 90;

Isaiah, 2526;

Jeremiah, 2526, 42, 44, 46, 60, 110;

Job, 8687;

Kings, 70;

nonreductive way of reading, 40; Numbers, 4245, 47, 5256;

original sources of, 40;

as
parole
and as
langue
, 29; Pentateuch, 76;

Proverbs, 64, 65, 83, 107;

Psalms, 76, 96, 98, 112, 123;

as a selfglossing text, 39, 80, 92;

Song of Songs, 20, 3233, 83, 87, 105116;

verses of, and syntagmatic relations, 2829

—Exodus, 22, 31, 71, 86, 9596, 100, 118, 12021;

and gapfilling, 4142, 47;

and the manna story, 71, 7476, 77;

and repetition, 4956;

and the Song of Songs, 107, 11114, 122;

the story of the bitter waters of Mara, 43, 5870; text, indeterminacy of, 8687;

Wittig on, 80, 82;

Yermia on, 36.
See also
Torah Bloom, Harold, 79, 147n

Bruns, Gerald, 1516, 18, 20, 154n, 155n; on the Bible, as a selfglossing book, 39; on the Song of Songs, 106, 107, 112

C
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Cassuto, Umberto, 2, 11, 60, 63, 98, 151n Cause and effect, 8

Charity, 69

Chernus, Ira, 6970

Childs, Brevard, 7576, 77

Christ, 108

Citation, 2638

Clifford, James, 121

Communion, 16

Cotexts, 23, 26

Countenance, 5556

Creation, 16, 1718

Croce, B., 18

D

Death, 12324, 12527

Deconstruction, 19

Diachronic methods, 19, 3940

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 14

Double reading, 5871

Dual signs, 5779

E

Ef'eh
, 25

Egypt, 43, 45, 48

El'azar, Rabbi, 61, 144n, 146n, 147n, 148n El'azar Hammonda'i, 72, 73, 74

El'azar of Modi'in, Rabbi, 65, 6768, 7179

Eliezer, Rabbi, 3637, 42, 43, 4547, 114, 120, 140n, 143n, 152n

Eliot, T. S., 37

Elisha, waters of, 69, 70

Epistemology, 11, 78

Eros, 123, 12527

Eternal, the, 10, 17, 12324 Ethics, 45.
See also
Morality Evil, 36, 103

F

Faith, 2526, 33, 61

Fishbane, Michael, 113

Page 160

F

Flusser, David, 80

Freud, Sigmund, 93

G

Gaps, 14, 16;

filling in of, 3949, 56, 8284, 87, 153n;

and repetition, 4956

Geiger, Abraham, 2

George, Stefan, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

God, 5, 27, 34, 11416;

beautification of, 11920;

and the bitter waters of Mara, 62, 67; countenance of, 5556;

faith in, 2526;

as the implied author of the Bible, 4041, 94; and the interpretation of the Torah, 36; invisible things of, 108;

and Israel, 28, 32, 41, 5056, 108, 110, 11516;

as the king, 9192; love of, 6869;

and the manna story, 7274, 7678;

miracles performed by, 31, 5960, 6364;

and redemption, 67;

relation with, 12028; and the sea, 94104

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 8, 9, 38

Goldin, Judah, 27 Greimas, A. J., 84

Gundolf, Friedrich, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 132n

H

Halevi, Yehuda, 2

Hanina, Rabbi, 106

Harmony, 78

Hartman, Geoffrey, 39, 78

HasanRokem, Galit, 29

Heinemann, Isaak, 112, 1517, 2021, 23, 101

Heinemann, Joseph, 3, 5, 11, 15, 18, 119

Heterogeneity, 3979

Higher Criticism, 3940, 49, 83, 96

Historical school, 2021

Historiography, 3, 611, 15, 2021, 90;

creative, 48;

the intertext in, role of, 1617;

as representation of the past, 12; and truth claim, 40;

White on, 12, 1617

History, 92, 94, 104, 11729.
See also
Historiography

I

Ibn Ezra, R. Abraham, 50, 51, 123

Indeterminacy, 39, 4149, 81, 8687

Intertexts, 1617, 19, 2223, 46, 8092

Intuition, 7, 12

Isaiah, 25

Ishmael, Rabbi, 111

Israel: ancient, mythology of, 20;

deliverance of, at the Red Sea, 2021, 4156; and faith in God, 25;

God and, 28, 32, 41, 5056, 9192, 108, 110, 11516;

as the son, 9192; state of, 5;

"true," and the Torah, 78.
See also
Bible, Exodus

J

Jacob, Berno, 2, 11

Jameson, Frederic, 103

Johnson, Christopher, 93

K

Kant, Immanuel, 8

Karaism, 2

Kermode, Frank, 12, 8485, 8889, 149n

Krieger, Murray, 97

Kristeva, Julia, 22, 93, 135n

Krochmal, Nahman (Ranak), 2, 3

Kugel, James, 13, 14, 128

L

Lacan, Jacques, 104

La Capra, Dominick, 117 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 10 Lieberman, Saul, 103, 114

Loewenstamm, Samuel, 9495

Logocentrism, 37, 108

Love, of God, 6869.
See also
Eros

M
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Maimonides, 12, 3, 56, 9, 11, 23

Mandelstam, Osip, 37

Manna story, 4956, 7179

Mara, bitter waters of, 43, 5870

Matin, Louis, 9092

Martyrdom, 12528

Mashal, 1617, 20, 32, 80116

Metaphysics, 37

Military activism, 4, 5

Miracles, 31, 5960, 6364

Morality, 70, 80.
See also
Ethics

Morawski, Stefan, 24

Moses, 25, 4145, 48.
See also
Bible, Exodus

N

Nahmanides, 5253, 76

Najara, Yehuda, 54

Neusner, Jacob, 13, 14

New Criticism, 35

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 9

Nimshal
, 19

O

Objectivity, 1415;

of historians, 6, 7, 8;

of quotation, 24;

and subjectivity, opposition between, 1112 Ontology, 11, 101, 109, 117

Origen, 108110, 154n

Orthodox school, 2 Other, discourse of, 23

P

Parables.
See
Mashal Paradigmatic citation, 2638

Paradigms, 45, 80, 8384, 108

Parole
, 29

Pascal, Blaise, 9091

Passover, 10

Patterson, Lee, 68, 69, 78

Paul, 10

Page 161

P

Philo, 13, 108, 109, 110, 116

Philology, 6, 43

Plato, 109, 110

Poetics, Acmeist, 37

Poetry, 6, 9, 1011;

Maimonides on, 2, 3, 9, 23;

and new discourse, creation of, 2324 Polytheism, 99101, 103

Positivism, 7, 11, 18

Prooftexts, 13, 19, 2223, 46, 64

Prophets, 18, 26, 27, 48, 90, 110

Propp, Vladimir, 84

Pseudepigrapha, 13

PseudoSaadya, 105

Q

Quotation, the function of, 2238

R

Rambam (Moses ben Maimon), 12, 3, 6, 1112, 18

Rashi, 55

Rawidowicz, Simon, 22

Reform school, 2

Repetition, 39, 4956

Representation, 58, 104

Revelation, 110, 155n

Riffaterre, Michael, 30, 57, 65, 130, 136n, 137n

Ritual, 36

Romanticism, 9, 11, 14, 18, 101102;

deconstruction of, 19; eternal verities of, 17

S

Saadya, Gaon, Rabbi, 116 Sachs, Yehiel Michel, 6 Scholem, Gershom, 102

Science, 1112

Shakespeare, William, 10, 14

Shila, Rabbi, 106

Shim'on, Rabbi, 3132, 6264

Shim'on ben Gamliel, Rabbi, 63, 6970

Shim'on ben Yohai, Rabbi, 64, 68

Sidney, Philip, 97, 98, 103

Solomon, 83, 91, 105106, 107, 112

Sternberg, Meir, 40, 79, 89

Subject: s.object dichotomy, 13, 19; selfidentical, 14.
See also
Subjectivity

Subjectivity, 8, 2324, 48;

and objectivity, opposition between, 1112.
See also
Subject Symbolist aesthetic, 9

T

Taboo, 36

Tanhuma
, 64

Tarfon, R., 5

Torah, 2, 16, 19;

doublevoicedness of, 19, 2425, 77, 8283; and dream interpretation, 94;
‌
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as encoded, 83, 114;

God as the implied author of, 40, 94; metaphors for, 6466;

Old, 23, 34;

Oral, 3435, 37, 128;

readings of, later books of the Bible as, 18; reciting the, 2238;

text of, as gapped, 14, 16, 39; textual heterogeneity in, 3956; and the "true Israel," 78;

"true story" of, 8992;

water as a symbol for, 6466, 87; voices heard within, 7179; Written, 23, 85.
See also
Bible

Towner, W. S., 3031

Truth claim, 40

U

Uffenheimer, Benjamin, 98

Universal, the, 10

Urbach, E. E., 74, 119, 132n

Urban, G. R., 7

V

Von Ranke, Leopold, 6, 7

W

Washington, George, 102

Weltanschauung
, 14

White, Hayden, 12, 1617, 8586, 87

Wittig, Susan, 8082, 85, 142n

Wordsworth, William, 14, 101102

Writings, 18, 26, 27, 48, 90, 110

Y

Yehoshua, Rabbi, 3435, 36, 4142, 53, 5962, 140n, 144n, 145n, 147n;

the manna story, 7179;

on the story of the bitter waters of Mara, 61, 62, 67 Yehuda, Rabbi, 2728, 82, 83, 91

Yermia, Rabbi, 3536

Yohanan, Rabbi, 67, 106

Yose, Rabbi, 106