Invisible Chains (39 page)

p. 165 A 1988 Gallup poll: “Prostitution not a problem, 58% tell Gallup,”
Toronto Star
(March 9, 1992) cited in John Weitzer,
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry
(Routledge, 1999) at 265.

p. 165
“the tip of the iceberg”: Michel Greene, prosecutor, Government of Quebec, interview with author, June 9, 2008. See also Clifford Krauss, “Quebec journal: Still stinging from scandal, quiet city cries out in pain,”
The New York Times
(December 22, 2003) at A4; Alexander Panetta, “Girls in sex ring recruited at malls and schools: Police,”
Toronto Star
(December 19, 2002) at A34.

p. 166 potential bosses were former “clients”: Fredette (see above).

p. 166 60 to 72 percent: M. Alexis Kennedy et al.,
Men Who Solicit Prostitutes: A Demographic Profile of Participants in the Vancouver Police Department's Prostitution Offender Program
(February 2004) at 3, online:
http://www.popcenter.org
; Martin A. Monto,
Focusing on the Clients of Street Prostitutes: A Creative Approach to Reducing Violence Against Women—Final Report
(June 9, 2000) at 29, online:
http://www.ncjrs.gov
(both accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 166 over seven thousand men: Fenn (see above).

p. 166 50 percent ... were fathers: Rose Dufour,
Je vous salue ...
(MultiMondes: Quebec, 2005) cited in
Gangs and Girls
(see above) at 69; see also
Focusing on the Clients
at 30 (see above); Sawyer at 122–123 (see above).

p. 166 between twenty-four and twenty-seven:
Focusing on the Clients
at 32 (see above);
Men Who Solicit
at 7 (see above).

p. 166 forty-two paid encounters:
Men Who Solicit
at 7 (see above).

p. 166 “deeply troubled ... suffer from”: Sven-Axel MÃ¥nsson, “Men's Practices in Prostitution and Their Implications for Social Work” in Sven-Axel MÃ¥nsson & Clotilde Proveyer Cervantes, eds.,
Social Work in Cuba and Sweden: Achievements and Prospects
(Göteborg and Havana: Göteborg University and University of Havana, 2005) at 9, online:
http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources-research/26.pdf
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 167 “McSex”: Blanchard (1994) cited in
Focusing on the Clients
at 34 (see above). p. 167 “Some of them fall in love”: Fenn (see above).

p. 167 “forcing sex acts that”: Grubman-Black (see above).

p. 167
“[H]e tells you that”: Excerpt from Aboriginal Women's Action Network, written statement of speech delivered on June 17, 2009, at “Buying Sex Is Not a Sport” (co-sponsored with the Langara Dialogues at the Vancouver Public Library) (“Terri-Lynn” is a pseudonym).

p. 168 people who wouldn't otherwise: Janelle Bird, corporal, RCMP, Internet Child Exploitation Unit, interview with author, November 4, 2008;
Focusing on the Clients
(see above).

p. 169 Studies in the United States: Kanouse et al., “Markers for HIV-1 hepatitis B and syphilis in a probability sample of street prostitutes in Los Angeles County, California” (1992, International Conference on AIDS/III STD World Congress, Amsterdam) and Hoffman et al., “The high HIV incidence in New York City streetwalkers may have peaked in 1990” (1992 International Conference on AIDS/ III STD World Congress, Amsterdam) cited in
Focusing on the Clients
(see above).

p. 169 prostituted females in Vancouver: Collin W. McInnes et al., “HIV/AIDS in Vancouver, British Columbia: A growing epidemic” (2009) 6:5
Harm Reduction Journal
at 3.

p. 169 “At the height of my addiction”: Laurie Monsebraaten, “A design on social change,”
Toronto Star
(February 23, 2003) cited in
Best Practices to Address the Demand Side
at 38 (see above).

14 Doing the Dirty Work: Forced Labour

p. 171 “You can see when you”: Rico (see above).

p. 171 twenty-eight complaints: Lock (see above). Conditions of complainants described in RCMP—Headquarters, “Occurrence Summary: 2008387125 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act—Enter by False Means @ 2008/04/11 13:18 MDT,” May 13, 2008 (document released by the RCMP under the
Access to Information Act
on October 12, 2008, File No. GA-3951-3-01397/08 at 16).

p. 172 “3D work”: International Labour Conference,
Towards a Fair Deal for Migrant Workers in the Global Economy
(Report IV), ILO, 92nd sess. (2004) at 11.

p. 172 “work or service which”:
Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour
(May 1, 1932), 39 U.N.T.S. 55, art. 2.

p. 172 Shaughnessy ... two Filipina women: Lakeman (see above).

p. 173
abandoned in an emergency room: Richard B. Fadden, deputy minister, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “Memorandum to the Minister's Office: Trafficking in Persons in Canada,” June 29, 2007, at 3 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on January 5, 2009, File No. A-2008-01134 at 112).

p. 173 “They'd taken her papers”: Isaacs (see above).

p. 174 Senait Tafesse Manaye: “Que. couple faces human trafficking charges,”
CTV News
(May 18, 2007), online:
www.ctv.ca
; Canadian Press, “Montreal couple face human trafficking charge,”
Toronto Star
(May 18, 2007), online:
http://www.thestar.com
; Canadian Press, “‘Human trafficking' couple say they are innocent,”
CTV News
(May 20, 2007), online:
http://www.ctv.ca
; Sue Montgomery, “RCMP's human trafficking case falls apart,”
Montreal Gazette
(December 7, 2007), online:
http://www2.canada.com/montrealgazette
(all accessed November 17, 2009); “Quebec couple sues Crown, RCMP and Police over bogus human-slavery charge,”
Canadian Press
(May 21, 2008).

p. 175 Elmvale 11: Dale Brazao, “Exploited workers Canada's ‘slave trade': Skilled Filipino workers packed into filthy house, denied pay, threatened with deportation,”
Toronto Star
(August 30, 2008), online:
http://www.thestar.com
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 175 “Inside there was mud”:
Ibid.

p. 176 “This was a chain gang”:
Ibid.

p. 176 “The way exploitation is phrased”:
Ibid.

p. 176 “[i]mproving the integrity”: CIC interviews (see above).

p. 177 “will increase program integrity”:
Ibid.

p. 177 “a more rigorous assessment”: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “Minister Kenney proposes improvements to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program,”
News Release,
October 9, 2009, online: CIC
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2009/2009-10-09a.asp
(accessed October 19, 2009). Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2010.

15 Battling Trafficking Across Canada

p. 179 “emphasize the sacredness”: Kookum Gaa Na Da Ma Waad Abinoojiig Council (Grandmothers Protecting Our Children)
Children Are Sacred Newsletter,
(September 2008); Jen Skerritt, “Grandmothers walk to stop child abuse: Aboriginal elders say exploitation must stop,”
Winnipeg Free Press
(September 22, 2008), online:
http://www.winnipegfreepress.com
(accessed November 19, 2009).

p. 180 Cinderella's Silence: Le Centre jeunesse de Montreal—Institut universitaire, “Companion Guide to Cinderella's Silence—A Story of Gang Prostitution” (Montreal: 2002).

p. 180 Coordinator Anick Gagnon: Gagnon (see above).

p. 181 Most sexually exploited youth in Winnipeg: Stop Sex with Kids, online:
http://www.stopsexwithkids.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009) citing
Transition, Education, and Resources for Females (TERF) Mentor and Youth Program Evaluation Reports 2005; 2006 Prostitutes and Other Women for Equal Rights (POWER) Evaluation Report,
Campbell and Heinrich, 1995.

p. 183
Unmanned aerial “drones”: Phil Couvrette, “New patrol to monitor Quebec- U.S. border,”
Canwest News Service
(February 4, 2009), online:
http://www. financialpost.com
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 183 only 30 percent of inadmissible persons: Alain Jolicoeur, president, CBSA, “Briefing Note for the Minister: Canada Border Services Agency Activities Against Trafficking in Persons” (undated) at 3 (released by the Canada Border Services Agency under the
Access to Information Act
on July 2, 2008, File No. A-2008-00261).

p. 184 “We are in a constant race”: Government of Manitoba, “StreetReach offers protective hand to sexually exploited youth: Mackintosh,”
Press Release
(October 6, 2009), online:
http://news.gov.mb.ca
(accessed December 9, 2009).

p. 185 “We were seizing their cars”: Viozzi (see above).

p. 186 “The registered owner”: Arnold (see above).

p. 186 In November 2009: Chris Kitching, “Thirty Winnipeg males arrested in prostitution sting,”
Winnipeg Sun
(November 17, 2009), online:
http://www.winnipegsun.com
(accessed December 9, 2009).

p. 187 “may act as a deterrent”:
Men Who Solicit
(see above).

p. 187–88 “If they don't get the point”: Joe Parker, Lola Greene Baldwin Foundation, (Portland, March 23, 2004), cited in
Best Practices to Address the Demand Side
at 36 (see above).

p. 188 “Here's a guy who”: Fenn (see above).

p. 188 “to scare the bejesus out”:
Ibid.

p. 189 The Vancouver Prostitution Offender Program:
Men Who Solicit
(see above).

p. 190 fewer than 2 percent: Fenn (see above).

p. 191 “Why are they getting diverted?”: Lakeman (see above).

p. 193
Canadian Criminal Law Review:
Benjamin Perrin, “Taking a Vacation from the Law? Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction and Section 7(4.1) of the Criminal Code” (2009) 13 Canadian Criminal Law Review at 175–209.

p. 193 From 1995 to 2007: Australian Federal Police, “Inquiry into Crimes Legislation Amendment (Child Sex Tourism Offences and Related Measures) Bill 2007,” submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs at 1 (September 20, 2007), online:
http://www.aph.gov.au
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 193 Between 2003 and early 2008: U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement, “Operation Predator: Child Exploitation and Sex Crimes,” November 19, 2008, online:
http://www.ice.gov
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 194
“Unfortunately, we are totally”: Mary Vallis, “Canadian John Wrenshall pleads guilty to running brothels for pedophiles in Thailand,”
National Post
(May 6, 2010), online:
http://news.nationalpost.com
(accessed June 9, 2010); see
United States of America v. John Wrenshall,
Indictment and News Release (December 15, 2008), online:
http://justice.gov/usao/nj/press/2008releases.html
(accessed October 20, 2009).

p. 194 “Internationally, we've got”: Camille Baines, “At least 146 Canadians charged overseas for child sexual abuse: Justice Dept.,”
Canadian Press
(April 1, 2008).

p. 195 “I don't understand why”: Matt McClure, “Alleged pedophile ran free, Suspect lived 11 years in India; Canadian authorities fumbled extradition while executive stayed at large in India,”
Toronto Star
(June 3, 2007), online:
http://www.thestar.com
(accessed June 9, 2010).

16 Dealing with Trafficking on a Global Basis

p. 198 In 2007, the Belgian government reported:
Trafficking in Persons Report
(2009) at 78 (see above).

p. 199 Of 495 adults referred:
Ibid.

p. 200 889 unaccompanied minors: Ilse Derluyn & Eric Broekaert, “On the Way to a Better Future: Belgium as Transit Country for Trafficking and Smuggling of Unaccompanied Minors” (2005) 43(4)
International Migration
at 31–32.

p. 200 “the result of a compromise”: Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs Belgium, Kingdom of Belgium,
The Fight Against Trafficking and Smuggling in Human Beings: Policy and Approach
(Brussels: 2008) at 3.23, online:
http://www.diplomatie.be/en/pdf/mensenhandelen.pdf
(accessed November 28, 2009).

p. 201 five hundred police specialists: Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (CEOOR) Belgium,
Trafficking and Smuggling of Human Beings: Preface & Part I: An integral evaluation of policy in the fight against trafficking in human beings, Report 2007
(May 2008) at 46.

p. 202 In 2008, U.S.$9.41 million:
Trafficking in Persons Report
(2009) at 168 (see above).

p. 202 “On the Road”: Danish Red Cross,
Good Practices in Response to Trafficking in Human Beings—Cooperation Between Civil Society and Law Enforcement in Europe
(Danish Red Cross, 2005) at 101-102.

p. 203 literacy courses for 588 victims:
Trafficking in Persons Report
(2008) at 148 (see above).

p. 203 issued 1009 residence permits:
Ibid.

p. 203
Between 2003 and 2006: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
(February 2009) at 260, online:
http://www.unodc.org
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 203 “cultural mediator”: Humantrafficking.org, “News & Updates—Italian Group Uses ‘Street Units' to Protect Victims of Sex Trafficking” (September 2005), online:
http://www.humantrafficking.org/updates/310
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 204 “[T]he trafficked women want”: Anti-Slavery International interview with COLCE (Cooperativa Lotta Contro L'Emarginazione) (Varese, 30 January 2002) cited in
Anti-Slavery International,
“Human traffic, human rights: Redefining victim protection” (2002) at 145, online:
http://www.antislavery.org
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 205 “Sadly, there are thousands”: U.S. Attorney General,
Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons Fiscal Year 2008
(June 2009) at 1, online:
http://www.state.gov
(accessed November 28, 2009).