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Authors: Ronald Weitzer
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15
. The situation in Daulatoia is illustrated in a documentary: National Geographic Channel, “Prostitution,”
Taboo
series, first broadcast on January 17, 2010.
16
. Michael Rekart, “Sex-Work Harm Reduction,”
Lancet
366 (December 17, 2005): 2123–2133.
17
. Jim Leitzel,
Regulating Vice: Misguided Prohibitions and Realistic Controls
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008,
p. 198
.
18
. “Poll: French Want Brothels Legalized,”
Boston Globe
, January 22, 1995.
19
. Ipsos MORI poll, June 11–12, 2008, N = 1,012, ages 18 and over.
20
. Basil Donovan, Christine Harcourt, Sandra Egger, Karen Schneider, Jody O’Connor, Lewis Marshall, Marcus Chen, and Christopher Fairley,
The Sex Industry in Western Australia: A Report to the Western Australian Government
, Sydney: University of New South Wales, 2010,
pp. 33
,
36
.
21
. Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter,
Drug War Heresies
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001,
pp. 240
–248.
22
. Jerome Skolnick, “The Social Transformation of Vice,”
Law and Contemporary Problems
51 (1988): 9–29.
23
. Simon Lenton, “Pot, Politics, and the Press: Reflections on Cannabis Law Reform in Western Australia,”
Drug and Alcohol Review
23 (2004): 223–233.
24
. John Dombrink and Daniel Hillyard,
Sin No More
, New York: NYU Press, 2007,
p. 9
, citing a 2004 poll.
25
. Skolnick, “Social Transformation of Vice.”
26
. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse,
Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding
, commissioned by President Richard M. Nixon, 1972.
27
. For example, the 2008 voter-approved ballot initiative in Massachusetts decriminalizing possession of marijuana had stiffer penalties for minors than for adults: adults would pay a $100 fine; minors would be subject to parental notification and either participation in a drug-awareness program or paying a $1,000 fine.
28
. Ruth Karras,
Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,
pp. 32
–35.
29
. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008.
30
. Bernard Cohen,
Deviant Street Networks: Prostitution in New York City
, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980,
p. 113
.
31
. Roger Matthews,
Prostitution, Politics, and Policy
, New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2008, cha
p. 7
.
32
. Some of these items have been distilled from Samuel Cameron, “Space, Risk, and Opportunity: The Evolution of Paid Sex Markets,”
Urban Studies
41 (2004): 1643–1657.
33
. Donna Guy,
Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina
, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990, cha
p. 2
.
35
. Daniela Danna and Silvia Garcia, “The Situation in Madrid,” in Daniela Danna, ed.,
Prostitution and Public Life in Four European Capitals
, Rome: Carocci, 2007.
36
. In Austria, prostitutes are required to register with local authorities and to undergo periodic medical checks—weekly for STDs and quarterly for HIV. They must carry a card that indicates the results of the tests and must show the card to police officers on request.
37
. Barbara Brents, Crystal Jackson, and Kathryn Hausbeck,
The State of Sex: Tourism, Sex, and Sin in the New American Heartland
, New York: Routledge, 2010,
p. 234
.
38
. Ibid.
39
. Kathryn Hausbeck and Barbara Brents, “Nevada’s Legal Brothels,” in Ronald Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry
, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge, 2010,
p. 269
.
41
. Brents, Jackson, and Hausbeck,
State of Sex
,
pp. 129
,
130
, 227.
43
. Daria Snadowsky, “The Best Little Whorehouse Is Not in Texas: How Nevada’s Prostitution Laws Serve Public Policy and How Those Laws May Be Improved,”
Nevada Law Journal
6 (2005): 217–247, at
p. 229
.
45
. Alexa Albert,
Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women
, New York: Ballantine, 2001,
pp. 30
,
100
.
46
. Hausbeck and Brents, “Nevada’s Legal Brothels,”
p. 271
.
47
. Albert,
Brothel
; Brents, Jackson, and Hausbeck,
State of Sex
; Snadowsky, “Best Little Whorehouse.”
48
. Snadowsky, “Best Little Whorehouse,”
p. 235
.
49
. Hausbeck and Brents, “Nevada’s Legal Brothels,”
p. 267
.
50
. Snadowsky, “Best Little Whorehouse,”
p. 238
.
51
. Brents, Jackson, and Hausbeck,
State of Sex
,
p. 235
.
52
. Hausbeck and Brents, “Nevada’s Legal Brothels.”
53
. Snadowsky, “Best Little Whorehouse.”
54
. Ibid.
55
. Hausbeck and Brents, “Nevada’s Legal Brothels.”
56
. Brents, Jackson, and Hausbeck,
State of Sex
,
p. 174
.
57
. Patty Kelly,
Lydia’s Open Door: Inside Mexico’s Most Modern Brothel
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
61
. Yasmina Katsulis,
Sex Work and the City: The Social Geography of Health and Safety in Tijuana, Mexico
, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008,
p. 77
.
64
. World Values Survey,
http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSAnalizeQuestion.jsp
.
65
. Alison Arnot, “Legalization of the Sex Industry in the State of Victoria, Australia,” M.A. thesis, University of Melbourne, 2002,
pp. 65
–69.
67
. Barbara Sullivan,
The Politics of Sex: Prostitution and Pornography in Australia since 1945
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997,
pp. 214
–215.
69
. Marcus Chen, “Estimating the Number of Unlicensed Brothels in Melbourne,”
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
34 (2010): 67–71.
70
. Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution: An Evaluation of the Prostitution Act 1999, Queensland
, Brisbane, Australia: Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2004,
pp. 85
–86.
71
. The illegal market accounts for an estimated 90 percent of prostitution in Queensland. Kate Dennehy, “Queensland Sex Industry Still Largely Illegitimate,”
Brisbane Times
, August 16, 2009.
72
. Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution
,
p. 111
.
73
. Andreas Schloenhardt and Lachlan Cameron, “Happy Birthday, Brothels! Ten Years of Prostitution Regulation in Queensland,”
Queensland Lawyer
29 (2009): 194–220.
74
. Prostitution Regulation Act, 2004, Northern Territory (§ 6).
75
. Prostitution Laws Amendment Act, 1992, Queensland.
76
. Schloenhardt and Cameron, “Happy Birthday, Brothels!”; see also Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution
,
p. 111
.
77
. Schloenhardt and Cameron, “Happy Birthday, Brothels!”
p. 201
.
78
. Ibid.
79
. Dennehy, “Queensland Sex Industry.”
80
. Prostitution Act, 1999, Queensland (§ 101[j]).
81
. Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution
,
pp. 75
,
89
.
83
. Schloenhardt and Cameron, “Happy Birthday, Brothels!”
p. 213
.
84
. Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution
,
p. 131
.
85
. Schloenhardt and Cameron, “Happy Birthday, Brothels!”
p. 214
.
86
. Charrlotte Woodward, Jane Fischer, Jake Najman, and Michael Dunne,
Selling Sex in Queensland
, Brisbane, Australia: Prostitution Licensing Authority, 2004,
p. 39
.
87
. Charrlotte Seib, Jane Fischer, and Jackob Najman, “The Health of Female Sex Workers from Three Industry Sectors in Queensland, Australia,”
Social Science and Medicine
68 (2009): 473–478.
88
. Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution
,
p. 71
.
89
. Schloenhardt and Cameron, “Happy Birthday, Brothels!”
p. 215
.
90
. National Geographic Channel, “Prostitution.”
91
. I thank Barbara Sullivan for this information.
92
. This is the conclusion reached by Barbara Sullivan, “When (Some) Prostitution Is Legal: The Impact of Law Reform on Sex Work in Australia,”
Journal of Law and Society
37 (2010): 85–104.
93
. Paul Fitzharris, “Review of the Prostitution Reform Act,” in Gillian Abel, Lisa Fitzgerald, and Catherine Healy, eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work
, Bristol, UK: Policy, 2010,
p. 107
.
94
. “Poll Steels Anti-Prostitution Resolve,”
New Zealand Herald
, May 14, 2003.
95
. Ronald Weitzer, “Legalizing Prostitution: Morality Politics in Western Australia,”
British Journal of Criminology
49 (2009): 88–105. The legislation was not implemented due to a change in government, but the newly elected regime presented legislation in 2011 that would zone prostitution into designated central-city areas and ban it in suburbs and small towns.
96
. Dean Knight, “The Continuing Regulation of Prostitution by Local Authorities,” in Abel et al., eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work
.
97
. The three cases are described in ibid.
98
. I thank Gillian Abel for this information on the three cities.
99
. Knight, “Continuing Regulation.”
100
. Tim Barnett, Catherine Healy, Anna Reed, and Calum Bennachie, “Lobbying for Decriminalization,” in Abel et al., eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work
,
p. 68
.
101
. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report
; Gillian Abel and Lisa Fitzgerald, “Risk and Risk Management in Sex Work Post-Prostitution Reform Act,” in Abel et al., eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work
.
102
. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report
.
103
. Elaine Mossman, “Brothel Operators’ and Support Agencies’ Experiences of Decriminalization,” in Abel et al., eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work
.
104
. Fitzharris, “Review of the Prostitution Reform Act,”
p. 112
.
105
. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
The Nature and Extent of the Sex Industry in New Zealand
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2005; Elaine Mossman and Pat Mayhew,
Central Government Aims and Local Government Responses: The Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2007.
106
. Abel and Fitzgerald, “Risk and Risk Management”; Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report
.
107
. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report
,
p. 152
.
108
. World Values Survey,
http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSAnalizeQuestion.jsp
.
109
. See Leitzel,
Regulating Vice
,
pp. 202
–203.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
1
. Some of these interviews were tape-recorded and others recorded by hand. In Frankfurt, I was introduced to owners of sex businesses by Juanita Henning, director of the local Doña Carmen organization. She accompanied me on my interviews as well.
2
. G. J. Ashworth, P. E. White, and H. P. M. Winchester, “The Red-Light District in the West European City: A Neglected Aspect of the Urban Landscape,”
Geoforum
19 (1988): 201–212, at
p. 208
.
3
. Phil Hubbard, “Revisiting the Red Light District: Still Neglected, Immoral, and Marginal?”
Geoforum
39 (2008): 1743–1755, at p. 1752.
4
. See Mara Keire,
For Business and Pleasure: Red-Light Districts and the Regulation of Vice in the United States, 1890–1933
, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
6
. Population figures in 2009 are as follows: Amsterdam, 755,000; Frankfurt, 665,000; Antwerp, 488,000. City Population website,
www.citypopulation.de
.