Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business (47 page)

120
. Jan Bik’s website:
www.janbik.nl
.

121
. Posting by Inemetz,
www.ignatzmice.com
, May 20, 2010.

122
. WhyGo Amsterdam, “Amsterdam Sex Clubs: A Complete Guide,”
www.amsterdamlogue.com/amsterdam-sex-clubs.html
.

123
. One said that he had been there many times and that “most have been a great time,” and he said that most recently, “we had a great time. No rush at all, very passionate, and eager to please.” Posting by Iggy1903,
www.ignatzmice.com
, October 26 and 28, 2009.

124
. Ronald de Graaf,
Prostitutes and Their Clients
, The Hague: Gegenens Koninkijke, 1995,
p. 15
.

125
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor.

126
. Van Wijk,
Vulnerable Job
.

127
. Ibid.

128
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, June 27, 2008.

129
. Fieldnotes, May 5, 2010, and May 9, 2010.

130
. Fieldnotes, May 9, 2010.

131
. Posting by Gazza,
www.ignatzmice.com
, May 18, 2010.

132
. Posting by Straton,
www.ignatzmice.com
, May 21, 2010.

133
. Samuel Cameron, “Space, Risk, and Opportunity: The Evolution of Paid Sex Markets,”
Urban Studies
41 (2004): 1643–1657, at p. 1653.

134
. The exception is the Candy Club, which is outside the RLD. It bills itself as a dance and swingers club for couples and singles, but freelance prostitutes also work there and take men to curtained rooms for
€
50. The club’s website announces that is has existed for 40 years and is “the cheapest swingers club in the world” and declares, “in our club everything is allowed and nothing is obliged.”
www.candyclub.nl
.

135
. G. J. Ashworth, P. E. White, and H. P. M. Winchester, “The Red-Light District in the West European City: A Neglected Aspect of the Urban Landscape,”
Geoforum
19 (1988): 201–212.

136
. Fieldnotes, May 11, 2009.

137
. Regioplan, summary of report,
p. 3
. Escorts and street workers were not part of the survey.

138
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor.

139
. Ibid.

140
. Manuel Aalbers, “Big Sister Is Watching You: Gender Interaction and the Unwritten Rules of the Amsterdam Red-Light District,”
Journal of Sex Research
42 (2005): 54–62, at
p. 58
.

141
. Quoted in Wendy Chapkis,
Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labor
, New York: Routledge, 1997,
p. 116
.

142
. “Red Light District” brochure, Politie, Amsterdam.

143
. Aalbers, “Big Sister”; and descriptions on clients’ online discussion boards.

144
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor.

145
. Posting by Partylover,
www.punternet.com
, April 28, 2009.

146
. Posting by Straton,
www.ignatzmice.com
, May 17, 2010.

147
. Posting by Bookguy,
www.ignatzmice.com
, September 8, 2010.

148
. Posting by Jerboa,
www.punternet.com
, October 14, 2009.

149
. Postings on
www.ignatzmice.com
, August 30, 2007, and October 10, 2007.

150
. Posting on
www.worldsexguide.org
, August 27, 1997.

151
. Postings on
www.ignatzmice.com
, April 27, 2010.

152
. Posting by BlutoBlutarsky,
www.ignatzmice.com
, August 18, 2010.

153
. Posting by Paebiifm,
www.ignatzmice.com
, September 8, 2010, and replies.

154
. Posting by Drostie,
www.ignatzmice.com
, August 23, 2008.

155
. Posting on
www.worldsexguide.org
, November 11, 1997.

156
. Posting by Brad07,
www.ignatzmice.com
, May 19, 2010.

157
. Posting by Bookguy,
www.ignatzmice.com
, July 24, 2010.

158
. Posting by Bookguy,
www.ignatzmice.com
, August 8, 2010.

159
. Posting by Gladiator99,
www.ignatzmice.com
, June 12, 2010.

160
. Teela Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure: Men Who Buy Sex
, Portland, OR: Willan, 2008.

161
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor.

162
. Conversation with Jasmine, Amsterdam, June 1, 2008. “Jasmine” is a pseudonym.

163
. Conversations with Jasmine, Amsterdam, May 8, 2010, and March 15, 2011.

164
. Exploitation documented in Sietske Altink and Sylvia Bokelman,
Rechten van Prostituees
[
Rights of Prostitutes
], Amsterdam: Rode Draad, 2006.

165
. Email from Sietske Altink to author, January 26, 2010. See also Altink and Bokelman,
Rechten van Prostituees
.

166
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 87
.

167
. Regioplan, summary of report,
p. 7
.

168
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 74
–75.

169
. De Graaf,
Prostitutes and Their Clients
,
p. 15
.

170
. Ministry of Justice,
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008.

171
. A. L. Daalder,
Lifting the Ban on Brothels
, The Hague: WODC/Ministry of Justice, 2004,
p. 30
.

172
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor. The terms “threatening,” “harassed,” and “abused” were not defined in the survey.

173
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 79
.

174
. Ibid.

175
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, Amsterdam, June 27, 2008.

176
. Bovenkerk,
Loverboys of Modern Pooierschap
.

177
. Fieldnotes, June 20, 2008.

178
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 79
.

179
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, June 27, 2008.

180
. Interview with Toos Heemskerk, director of Scharlaken Koord, Amsterdam, March 17, 2011.

181
. The trafficking office reports that 403 possible victims (of all types of trafficking) were identified in 2004 and 579 in 2006 and 826 in 2008, the largest percentage of whom were Dutch citizens, followed by Bulgarians, Nigerians, and Romanians. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur,
Seventh Report
, pp. 611–614.

182
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Seventh Report
, p. 623.

183
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 80
; Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Seventh Report
.

184
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Third Report
,
p. 91
.

185
. Maaike van Veen, “HIV and Sexual Risk Behavior among Commercial Sex Workers in the Netherlands,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
39 (2010): 714–723.

186
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor.

187
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 86
.

188
. Ibid.,
p. 87
.

189
. Ibid.,
p. 86
.

190
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Fifth Report
,
p. 49
.

191
. Damian Zaitch and Richard Staring, “The Flesh Is Weak, the Spirit Even Weaker: Clients and Trafficked Women in the Netherlands,” in Andrea Di Nicola, ed.,
Prostitution and Human Trafficking: Focus on Clients
, New York: Springer, 2009,
p. 98
.

192
. Interview with Beekman.

193
. Ibid.

NOTES TO CHAPTER CONCLUSION

1
. Discussed in
chapter 4
.

2
. Lars Ericsson, “Charges against Prostitution: An Attempt at a Philosophical Assessment,”
Ethics
90 (1980): 335–366.

3
. Christine Overall, “What’s Wrong with Prostitution? Evaluating Sex Work,”
Signs
17 (1992): 705–724, at p. 716. Overall is not optimistic that this can be achieved.

4
. Carole Pateman,
The Sexual Contract
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, cha
p. 7
.

5
. Feona Attwood, “Sexed Up: Theorizing the Sexualization of Culture,”
Sexualities
9 (2006): 77–94; Barbara Brents and Teela Sanders, “Mainstreaming the Sex Industry,”
Journal of Law and Society
37 (2010): 40–60.

6
. On women’s role in driving some sex-industry trends, see Lynn Comella, “Remaking the Sex Industry: The Adult Expo as a Microcosm,” and Jill Bakehorn, “Women-Made Pornography,” both in Ronald Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry
, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge, 2010.

7
. National Organization for Women,
Resolution Calling for the Decriminalization of Prostitution
, Resolution 141 passed at the national NOW conference, 1973.

8
. Ericsson, “Charges against Prostitution,” pp. 365–366.

9
. National Organization for Women,
Resolution
.

10
. Prostitution Act, 1999, Queensland, Australia (§ 17).

11
. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008.

12
. Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth,
Report by the Federal Government on the Impact of the Act Regulating the Legal Situation of Prostitutes
(
Prostitution Act
), Berlin: Ministry, 2007,
pp. 79
,
80
.

13
. Pivot Legal Society,
Beyond Decriminalization: Sex Work, Human Rights, and a New Framework for Law Reform
, Vancouver, Canada: Pivot, 2006,
p. 2
.

14
. Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution,
Pornography and Prostitution in Canada
, Ottawa, ON: Department of Justice, 1985; Federal/Provincial Territorial Working Group on Prostitution,
Report and Recommendations in Respect of Legislation, Policy, and Practices Concerning Prostitution-Related Activities
, Ottawa, ON: Department of Justice, 1998; Pivot Legal Society,
Beyond Decriminalization
.

15
. John Lowman, “The ‘Left Regulation’ of Prostitution: Reconciling Individual Rights and Collective Interests,” in John Lowman and Brian D. MacLean, eds.,
Realist Criminology: Crime Control and Policing in the 1990s
, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992,
p. 172
.

16
. Hendrik Wagenaar and Sietske Altink, “To Toe the Line: Streetwalking as Contested Space,” in David Canter, Maria Ioannou, and Donna Youngs, eds.,
Safer Sex in the City: The Experience and Management of Street Prostitution
, Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009,
p. 167
.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Interview with Jan Visser, official in Red Thread, Amsterdam, May 7, 2010.

19
. John Dombrink and Daniel Hillyard,
Sin No More
, New York: NYU Press, 2007.

20
. Robert F. Meier and Gilbert Geis,
Victimless Crime? Prostitution, Drugs, Homosexuality, Abortion
, Los Angeles: Roxbury, 1997,
p. 28
.

21
. A survey of (mostly street) prostitutes working in San Francisco found that 71 percent supported decriminalization: Alexandra Lutnick and Deborah Cohan, “Criminalization, Legalization, or Decriminalization of Sex Work,”
Reproductive Health Matters
17 (2009): 38–46. Three-quarters of clients in another survey felt that prostitution should be legalized: Martin Monto, “Prostitutes’ Customers: Motives and Misconceptions,” in Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale
, 2nd ed.

22
. Most of these variables are examined in Ronald Weitzer, “Prostitutes’ Rights in the United States: The Failure of a Movement,”
Sociological Quarterly
32 (1991): 23–41.

23
. Discussed in
chapter 3
.

24
.
Bedford v. Canada
, 2010 ONSC 4264, Superior Court of Justice, Ontario, Justice Himel, September 28, 2010, paras. 3, 536. A court of appeal granted a stay of the judgment until April 29, 2011, to permit appellate review of the case. Since the September ruling, the government has been claiming that the moral fabric of society will unravel if the decision is not overturned.

Aalbers, Manuel, “Big Sister Is Watching You: Gender Interaction and the Unwritten Rules of the Amsterdam Red-Light District,”
Journal of Sex Research
42 (2005): 54–62.

Abel, Gillian, and Lisa Fitzgerald, “Risk and Risk Management in Sex Work Post-Prostitution Reform Act,” in Gillian Abel, Lisa Fitzgerald, and Catherine Healy, eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work: New Zealand Sex Workers’ Fight for Decriminalization
, Bristol, UK: Policy, 2010.

“Academics Urge R.I. to Keep Indoor Prostitution Legal,”
Providence Journal
, August 3, 2009.