Lone Survivors (45 page)

McCown, T. D., and A. Keith.
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Notton, D., and C. Stringer. “Who Is the Type of
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Reader, J.
Missing Links: The Hunt for Earliest Man
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Schwartz, J. H., and I. Tattersall. “Fossil Evidence for the Origin of
Homo sapiens
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Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
53 (2010), 94–121.

Shipman, P.
The Man Who Found the Missing Link: Eugène Dubois and his Lifelong Quest to Prove Darwin Right
. Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001.

Smith, A.
Systematics and the Fossil Record: Documenting Evolutionary Patterns
. Oxford, Blackwell, 1994.

Smith, F. H., I. Jankovi
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Quaternary International
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Stringer, C. “Out of Africa—a Personal History.” In M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki, eds.,
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, pp. 151–72. Plenum Press, New York, 1994.

Stringer, C., and R. McKie.
African Exodus
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Templeton, A. R. “The ‘Eve' hypothesis: A genetic critique and reanalysis.”
American Anthropologist
95 (1993), 51–72.

Trinkaus, E. “Early Modern Humans.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
34 (2005), 207–30.

Weidenreich, F. “Facts and speculations concerning the origin of
Homo sapiens
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American Anthropologist
49 (1947), 187–203.

White, R. “Rethinking the Middle/Upper Paleolithic transition.”
Current Anthropology
23 (1982), 169–92.

Wolpoff, M., C. B. Stringer and P. Andrews. “Modern human origins.”
Science
241 (1988), 773–74.

Wolpoff, M. H., A. G. Thorne, F. H. Smith, D. W. Frayer and G. G. Pope. “Multiregional evolution: A world-wide source for modern human populations.” In M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki, eds.,
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Wolpoff, M. H., W. X. Zhi and A. G. Thorne. “Modern
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2. Unlocking the Past

Aitken, M., C. B. Stringer and P. Mellars.
The Origin of Modern Humans and the Impact of Chronometric Dating
. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993.

Ambrose, S. H. “Did the super-eruption of Toba cause a human population bottleneck? Reply to Gathorne-Hardy and Harcourt-Smith.”
Journal of Human Evolution
45 (2003), 231–37.

Banks, W. E., F. d'Errico, A. Townsend Peterson, M. Masa Kageyama, A. Sima and M.-F. Sanchez-Goni. “Neanderthal extinction by competitive exclusion.”
PLoS ONE
3 (2008), 1–8.

Bradtmöller, M., A. Pastoors, B. Weninger and G.-C. Weninger. “The repeated replacement model—rapid climate change and population dynamics in Late Pleistocene Europe.”
Quaternary International
(2010) (in press).

Bronk Ramsey, C., T. Higham, A. Bowles and R. Hedges. “Improvements to the pre-treatment of bone at Oxford.”
Radiocarbon
46 (2004), 155–63.

Castañeda, I. S., S. Mulitza, E. Schefuß, R. A. Lopes dos Santos, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté and S. Schouten. “Wet phases in the Sahara/Sahel region and human migration patterns in North Africa.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
106 (2009), 20159–63.

d'Errico, F., C. T. Williams and C. Stringer. “AMS dating and microscopic analysis of the Sherborne bone.”
Journal of Archaeological Sciences
25 (1998), 777–87.

Drake, N. A., A. S. El-Hawat, P. Turner, S. J. Armitage, M. J. Salem, K. H. White and S. McLaren. “Palaeohydrology of the Fazzan Basin and surrounding regions: The last 7 million years.”
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
263 (2008), 131–45.

Finlayson, C., and J. S. Carrión. “Rapid ecological turnover and its impact on Neanderthal and other human populations.”
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
22 (2007), 213–22.

Gathorne-Hardy F. J., and W. E. H. Harcourt-Smith. “The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck?”
Journal of Human Evolution
45 (2003), 227–30.

Gowlett, J., and R. E. M. Hedges.
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Oxford University School of Archaeology, Oxford, 1987.

Grün, R. “Direct dating of human fossils.”
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
49 (2006), 2–48.

Grün, R., J. Brink, N. Spooner, L. Taylor, C. Stringer, R. Franciscus and A. Murray. “Direct dating of Florisbad hominid.”
Nature
382 (1996), 500–501.

Grün, R., and C. B. Stringer. “Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modern humans.”
Archaeometry
33 (1991), 153–99.

_____
. “Tabun revisited: Revised ESR chronology and new ESR and U-series analyses of dental material from Tabun C1.”
Journal of Human Evolution
39 (2000), 601–12.

Grün, R., C. Stringer, F. McDermott, R. Nathan, N. Porat, S. Robertson, L. Taylor, G. Mortimer, S. Eggins and M. McCulloch. “U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul.”
Journal of Human Evolution
49 (2005), 316–34.

Grün, R. C. B. Stringer and H. P. Schwarcz. “ESR dating of teeth from Garrod's Tabun Cave collection.”
Journal of Human Evolution
20 (1991), 231–48.

Jacobi, R. M., and T. F. G. Higham. “The early lateglacial re-colonization of Britain: New radiocarbon evidence from Gough's Cave, southwest England.”
Quaternary Science Reviews
28 (2009), 1895–913.

Jacobs, Z., and R. G. Roberts. “Advances in optically stimulated luminescence dating of individual grains of quartz from archaeological deposits.”
Evolutionary Anthropology
16 (2007), 210–23.

Jacobs, Z., R. G. Roberts, R. F. Galbraith, H. J. Deacon, R. Grün, A. Mackay, P. Mitchell, R. Vogelsang and L. Wadley. “Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for human behavior and dispersal.”
Science
322 (2008), 733–35.

Jones, S. C. “Palaeoenvironmental response to the ~74 Ka Toba ash-fall in the Jurreru and Middle Son valleys in southern and north-central India.”
Quaternary Research
73 (2010), 336–50.

Libby, W. F.
Radiocarbon Dating
. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1955.

McDougall, I., F. H. Brown and J. G. Fleagle. “Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Ethiopia.”
Nature
433 (2005), 733–36.

Mellars, P., and J. French. “Tenfold population increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-modern human transition.”
Science
333 (2011), 623–27.

Mercier, N., H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer and J.-L. Joron. “Thermoluminescence date for the Mousterian burial site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel.”
Journal of Archaeological Science
20 (1993), 169–74.

Millard, A. R. “A critique of the chronometric evidence for hominid fossils: I. Africa and the Near East 500–50 ka.”
Journal of Human Evolution
54 (2008), 848–74.

Müller, U. C., J. Pross, P. C. Tzedakis, C. Gamble, U. Kotthoff, G. Schmiedl, S. Wulf and K. Christanis. “The role of climate in the spread of modern humans into Europe.”
Quaternary Science Reviews
30 (2011), 273–79.

Oppenheimer, C. “Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ca. 74 kyr BP?”
Quaternary Science Reviews
21 (2002), 1593–1609.

Osborne, A. H., D. Vance, E. J. Rohling, N. Barton, M. Rogerson and N. Fello. “A Humid Corridor across the Sahara for the Migration ‘Out of Africa' of early modern humans 120,000 years ago.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
105 (2008), 16444–47.

Petraglia, M. D., R. Korisettar, N. Bolvin, C. Clarkson, P. Ditchfield, S. Jones, J. Koshy et al. “Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba Super-Eruption.”
Science
317 (2007), 114–16.

Rampino, M. R., and S. H. Ambrose. “Volcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population Crash.”
Geological Society of America Special Paper
345 (2000), 71–82.

RESET Project:
http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/RESET/embed.php?File=index.html
.

Robock, A., C. M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Lewis and G. Stenchikov. “Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?”
Journal of Geophysical Research
114 (2009), D10107 (doi: 10.1029/ 2008JD011652).

Stewart, J. R., M. van Kolfschoten, A. Markova and R. Musil. “The mammalian faunas of Europe during oxygen isotope stage three.” In T. H. van Andel and S. W. Davies, eds.,
Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape During the Last Glaciation, 60,000 to 20,000 Years Ago: Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project
, pp. 103–29. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2003.

Stringer, C. B. “Dating the origin of modern humans.” In C. Lewis and S. Knell, eds.,
The Age of the Earth: From 4004 BC to AD 2002
, pp. 265–74. Geological Society, London, 2001.

_____
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Archaeological Results from Accelerator Dating
, pp. 45–50. Oxford University, Oxford, 1986.

Stringer, C. B., and R. Burleigh. “The Neanderthal problem and the prospects for direct dating of Neanderthal remains.”
Bulletin of the British and Natural History Museum
, Geology Series 35 (1981), 225–41.

Stringer, C. B., R. Grün, H. Schwarcz and P. Goldberg. “ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel.”
Nature
338 (1989), 756–58.

Stringer, C., R. Jacobi and T. Higham. “New research on the Kent's Cavern 4 maxilla, its context and dating.” In C. Stringer and S. Bello, eds.,
First Workshop of AHOB2: Ancient Human Occupation of Britain and Its European Context
, pp. 25–27. AHOB, London, 2007.

Stringer, C., H. Pälike, T. van Andel, B. Huntley, P. Valdes and J. Allen. “Climatic stress and the extinction of the Neanderthals.” In T. H. van Andel and S. W. Davies, eds.,
Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape During the Last Glaciation
, pp. 233–40. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2003.

Timmreck, C., H.-F. Graf. S. J. Lorenz, U. Niemeier et al. “Aerosol size confines climate response to volcanic super-eruptions.”
Geophysical Research Letters
37 (2010), L24705 (doi: 10.1029/2010GL045464).

Williams, M. A. J., S. H. Ambrose, S. van der Kaars, C. Ruehlemann, U. Chattopadhyaya, J. Pal and P. R. Chauhan. “Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia.”
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
284 (2009), 295–314.

3. What Lies Beneath

Bailey, S. “Dental morphological affinities among late Pleistocene and Recent humans.”
Dental Anthropology
14(2) (2000), 1–8.

Bar-Yosef, O., and J. Callender. “The woman from Tabun: Garrod's doubts in historical perspective.”
Journal of Human Evolution
37 (1999), 879–85.

Dean, M. C. “Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life-history evolution.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society
B 273 (2006), 2799–808.

Dean, C., M. Leakey, D. Reid, F. Schrenk, G. Schwartz, C. Stringer and A. Walker. “Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from
Homo erectus
and earlier hominins.”
Nature
414 (2001), 628–31.

Drake, N. A., R. M. Blench, S. J. Armitage, C. S. Bristow and K. H. White. “Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
108 (2011), 458–62.

Gibbons, A. “Palaeontologists get X-ray vision.”
Science
318 (2007), 1546–47.

Harvati, K., S. R. Frost and K. P. McNulty. “Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
101 (2004), 1147–52.

Hillson, S., S. Parfitt, S. Bello, M. Roberts and C. Stringer. “Two hominin incisor teeth from the Middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, Sussex, England.”
Journal of Human Evolution
59 (2010), 493–503.

Irish, J. D., and D. Guatelli-Steinberg. “Ancient teeth and modern human origins: An expanded comparison of African Plio-Pleistocene and recent world dental samples.”
Journal of Human Evolution
45 (2003), 113–44.

Martinón-Torres, M., J. M. Bermúdez de Castro, A. Gómez-Robles, J.-L. Arsuaga, E. Carbonell, D. Lordkipanidze, G. Manzi and A. Margvelashvili. “Dental evidence on the hominin dispersals during the Pleistocene.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
104 (2007), 13279–82.