4
| Hunan, 11 May 1959, 141-1-1066, pp. 80–3.
|
5
| Hunan, Sept. 1959, 141-1-1117, pp. 1–4; 18 Sept. 1959, 141-1-1066, pp. 5–13.
|
6
| As he later admitted; see minutes of the Lushan meeting, Gansu, Aug. 1959, 91-18-96, p. 570.
|
7
| Yunnan, 29 July 1958, 2-1-3102, p. 20.
|
8
| Yunnan, 4 Sept. 1958, 2-1-3101, pp. 1–35.
|
9
| Yunnan, Sept. 1958, 2-1-3101, pp. 36–9, 48–65, 66–84, 94–104, 105–23.
|
10
| Guangdong, 20 Jan. 1961, 217-1-645, pp. 15–19.
|
11
| Teiwes,
China’s Road to Disaster
, p. 85.
|
12
| Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian
, p. 682; the system is described by MacFarquhar,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 31.
|
13
| Record of the Nanning meeting, Gansu, 28 Jan. 1958, 91-4-107, p. 2.
|
14
| Interview in Lu Xiaobo,
Cadres and Corruption: The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 84.
|
15
| Suiping, 13 Feb. 1958, 1-201-7, pp. 8 and 32; 29 Oct. 1958, 1-221-8.
|
16
| For an example from Chuxiong county, Yunnan, see Erik Mueggler,
The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, p. 176.
|
17
| Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-618, p. 36.
|
18
| Renmin ribao
, 26 Nov. 1957, p. 2; 29 Dec. 1957, p. 2; 21 Jan. 1958, p. 4; 16 Aug. 1958, p. 8.
|
19
| Macheng, 15 July 1958, 1-1-331; 13 April 1959, 1-1-370, p. 37.
|
20
| Guangdong, 31 Dec. 1960, 217-1-576, pp. 54–68.
|
21
| Jiang,
Qishi nian zhengcheng
, p. 431.
|
22
| Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian
, p. 683; the practice came from a collective farm in Shandong.
|
23
| Report from the Centre, Yunnan, 3 Sept. 1958, 120-1-84, pp. 52–67.
|
24
| Guangdong, 31 Dec. 1961, 217-1-642, pp. 11–12.
|
25
| Guangdong, 7 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 120–2.
|
26
| Roderick MacFarquhar, Timothy Cheek and Eugene Wu (eds),
The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989, p. 450.
|
27
| Macheng, 15 Jan. 1959, 1-1-443, p. 10.
|
28
| Interview with Liu Shu, born 1946, Renshou county, Sichuan, April 2006.
|
29
| Interview with Luo Bai, born 1930s, Hongya county, Sichuan, April 2006.
|
30
| Zhejiang, 4 May 1961, J007-13-48, pp. 1–8.
|
31
| Macheng, 20 Jan. 1959, 1-1-378, p. 22.
|
32
| Hebei, 16 April 1961, 884-1-202, pp. 35–47.
|
33
| Guangdong, 5 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 50–60.
|
34
| Li,
Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 278.
|
35
| Minutes of conversation, Hebei, 4–5 Aug. 1958, 855-4-1271, pp. 6–7 and 13–14; see also
Renmin ribao
, 4 Aug. 1958, p. 1, 11 Aug. 1958, pp. 1 and 4.
|
36
| Hunan, 19 Oct. 1958, 141-2-64, pp. 78–82; Hunan, 18 Sept. 1958, 141-1-1066, pp. 7–8.
|
37
| Hunan, 19 Oct. 1958, 141-2-64, pp. 78–82.
|
38
| Hunan, 5 Nov. 1958, 141-1-1051, p. 124.
|
39
| Directive from the State Council, Gansu, 7 Jan. 1959, 91-8-360, pp. 5–6.
|
Chapter 6: Let the Shelling Begin
1
| Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (eds),
Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan
(Selection of writings on foreign affairs by Mao Zedong), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1994, pp. 323–4.
|
2
| Lüthi,
Sino-Soviet Split
, pp. 92–3.
|
3
| Li,
Waijiao wutaishang
, p. 149.
|
4
| Harrison E. Salisbury,
The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng
, Boston: Little, Brown, 1992, pp. 155–6.
|
5
| Li,
Waijiao wutaishang
, p. 151.
|
6
| Russian minutes in ‘Peregovory S. Khrushcheva s Mao Tszedunom 31 iiulia–3 avgusta 1958 g. i 2 oktiabria 1959 g.’,
Novaia i Noveishaia Istoria
, no. 1 (2001), pp. 100–8; reference on page 117.
|
7
| Khrushchev,
Vremia, liudi, vlast’
, vol. 3, pp. 76–7.
|
8
| Li,
Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 261.
|
9
| Li,
Waijiao wutaishang
, pp. 149–50.
|
10
| As he recollected while addressing a plenum a few years later; see RGANI, Moscow, 18 Jan. 1961, 2-1-535, pp. 143–6; see also RGANI, Moscow, 14 Feb. 1964, 2-1-720, p. 137.
|
11
| Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 225–6.
|
12
| Li,
Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 270.
|
13
| Mao,
Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan
, pp. 344 and 347.
|
14
| Roland Felber, ‘China and the Claim for Democracy’, in Näth,
Communist China in Retrospect
, p. 117; more recently Lorenz Lüthi, an expert on Sino-Soviet relations, has also underlined how domestic developments alone determined the timing of the shelling of Quemoy; Lüthi,
Sino-Soviet Split
, p. 99.
|
Chapter 7: The People’s Communes
1
| Li,
Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 263.
|
2
| Hebei, Sept. 1957, 855-4-1271, pp. 1–5.
|
3
| Hebei, 13 Feb. and 30 April 1958, 855-18-541, pp. 13–20 and 67–81.
|
4
| Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 7, p. 143.
|
5
| Renmin ribao
, 17 April 1958, p. 2.
|
6
| Chen Boda, ‘Zai Mao Zedong tongzhi de qizhi xia’,
Hongqi
, 16 July 1958, no. 4, pp. 1–12.
|
7
| Speech on 19 and 21 Aug. 1958, Gansu, 91-18-495, pp. 316 and 321.
|
8
| Li,
Dayuejin
, vol. 2, p. 31.
|
9
| Renmin ribao
, 1 Sept. 1958, p. 3.
|
10
| Jin and Huang,
Liu Shaoqi zhuan
, pp. 832–3.
|
11
| Renmin ribao
, 18 Sept. 1958, p. 2; 24 Sept. 1958, p. 1.
|
12
| Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 7, p. 494.
|
13
| Ji Fengyuan,
Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao’s China
, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004, p. 88.
|
14
| Speech on 21 and 24 Aug. 1958; Hunan, 141-1-1036, pp. 24–5 and 31.
|
15
| Renmin ribao
, 3 Oct. 1958, p. 2.
|
16
| Renmin ribao
, 6 Oct. 1958, p. 6; 13 Oct. 1958, p. 1.
|
17
| Hunan, 18 Sept. 1958, 141-1-1066, p. 5.
|
18
| John Gittings, ‘China’s Militia’,
China Quarterly
, no. 18 (June 1964), p. 111.
|
19
| Macheng, 15 Jan. 1959, 1-1-443, pp. 9 and 24.
|
20
| Nanjing, 10 April 1961, 4003-2-481, pp. 75–83.
|
21
| Hunan, 4 Feb. 1961, 151-1-20, pp. 8–9.
|
22
| Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, p. 44.
|
23
| Interview with Li Yeye, born 1935, Langzhong county, Sichuan, April 2007.
|
24
| Interview with Feng Dabai, born 1930s, Langzhong county, Sichuan, Sept. 2006.
|
25
| Sichuan, 26 Feb. 1960, JC1-1846, p. 22.
|
26
| Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, p. 45.
|
27
| Guangdong, 12 Feb. 1959, 217-1-69, pp. 25–33.
|
28
| Guangdong, 7 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, p. 111.
|
29
| Guangzhou, 27 Oct. 1958, 16-1-1, p. 76.
|
30
| Wuhan, 3 Nov. 1958, 83-1-523, p. 126.
|
31
| Wuhan, 19 Sept. and 3 Nov. 1958, 83-1-523, pp. 21–5 and 126–32.
|
32
| Guangzhou, 27 Oct. 1958, 16-1-1, p. 76.
|
33
| Wuhan, 1958, 83-1-523, p. 87.
|