Read Mao's Great Famine Online
Authors: Frank Dikötter
| 9 | Report from the Ministry of Railways, Gansu, 20 Jan. 1961, 91-4-889, pp. 19–21. |
| 10 | Hunan, 22 Nov. 1959, 146-1-507, pp. 44–6. |
| 11 | Sichuan, 26 May 1959, JC1-1721, p. 37. |
| 12 | Sichuan, 8 June 1959, JC1-1721, p. 153. |
| 13 | Hunan, 9 March 1959, 163-1-1046, p. 24. |
| 14 | Hebei, June 1959, 884-1-183, p. 40; 25 April 1960, 884-1-184, p. 20. |
| 15 | Nanjing, 30 Jan. 1959, 4003-1-171, p. 35. |
| 16 | Nanjing, 19 March 1959, 5003-3-722, pp. 68–9. |
| 17 | Hubei, 4 Jan. 1961, SZ18-2-200, p. 11. |
| 18 | Hubei, 22 Feb. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 6–8. |
| 19 | Sichuan, 2–4 Nov. 1959, JC1-1808, p. 137. |
| 20 | Guangdong, 3 Feb. 1961, 262-1-115, pp. 86–7. |
| 21 | Kaiping, 29 Dec. 1960, 3-A10-81, p. 2. |
| 22 | Hunan, 17 Jan. 1961, 146-1-580, p. 29. |
| 23 | Gansu, 18 June 1958, zhongfa (58) 496, 91-18-88, pp. 29–34. |
| 24 | Yunnan, 30 Nov. 1960, 2-1-4108, pp. 72–5; 2 Dec. 1960, 2-1-4108, pp. 1–2; see also 8 Nov. and 9 Dec. 1960, 2-1-4432, pp. 1–10 and 50–7. |
| 25 | Ministry of Public Security report, Gansu, 8 Feb. 1961, 91-4-889, pp. 25–30. |
| 26 | Hebei, June 1959, 884-1-183, pp. 39–40 and 132. |
| 27 | Hebei, 26 April 1960, 884-1-184, p. 36. |
| 28 | Guangdong, 1961, 216-1-257, pp. 64–5. |
Chapter 27: Exodus
| 1 | Shanghai, 12 March 1959, B98-1-439, pp. 9–13. |
| 2 | Zhang Qingwu, ‘Kongzhi chengshi renkou de zengzhang’, Renmin ribao , 21 Aug. 1979, p. 3, quoted in Judith Banister, China’s Changing Population , Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 330. |
| 3 | Yunnan, 18 Dec. 1958, 2-1-3101, p. 301. |
| 4 | Shanghai, 20 April 1959, A11-1-34, pp. 1–3. |
| 5 | Shanghai, 12 and 17 March 1959, B98-1-439, pp. 12 and 25. |
| 6 | Shanghai, 20 April 1959, A11-1-34, pp. 4–14. |
| 7 | Xinyang, 4 Aug. 1960, 304-37-7, p. 68. |
| 8 | Hebei, 28 Feb., 11 March and 15 April 1959, 855-5-1750, pp. 74–5, 91–4 and 132–4. |
| 9 | Zhejiang, 3 March 1959, J007-11-112, pp. 1–6. |
| 10 | Guangdong, 23 Jan. 1961, 217-1-644, pp. 10–12. |
| 11 | Hebei, 15 April 1959, 855-5-1750, pp. 132–4. |
| 12 | Wuhan, 14 April 1959, 76-1-1210, pp. 87–8. |
| 13 | Neibu cankao , 20 June 1960, pp. 11–12. |
| 14 | Hebei, 11 March 1959, 855-5-1750, pp. 91–4. |
| 15 | Beijing, 23 Jan. and 31 Aug. 1959, 2-11-58, pp. 3–4 and 8–10. |
| 16 | Nanjing, 14 March 1959, 4003-1-168, pp. 39–49; 14 Aug. 1960, 4003-1-199, p. 2. |
| 17 | Nanjing, 23 Dec. 1959, 5003-3-721, p. 115; 21 July 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 11–18. |
| 18 | Nanjing, 21 July 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 11–18. |
| 19 | Ibid. |
| 20 | Yunnan, 29 Nov. 1958, zhongfa (58) 1035, 2-1-3276, pp. 250–3. |
| 21 | Nanjing, 14 Aug. 1960, 4003-1-199, p. 2. |
| 22 | Nanjing, 21 Nov. 1959, 4003-2-315, p. 32. |
| 23 | Gansu, 14 Jan. 1961, 91-18-200, pp. 47–8. |
| 24 | Guangdong, 5 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, p. 63. |
| 25 | Hebei, 15 Aug. 1961, 878-1-6, pp. 31–44. |
| 26 | Yunnan, 29 Nov. 1958, zhongfa (58) 1035, 2-1-3276, pp. 250–3. |
| 27 | Hebei, 15 April 1959, 855-5-1750, p. 133. |
| 28 | Hubei, 25 Feb. 1958, SZ34-4-295, p. 7. |
| 29 | Hubei, Sept. 1958, SZ34-4-295, pp. 38–42. |
| 30 | Hebei, 17 Dec. 1960, 878-2-8, pp. 8–10. |
| 31 | Reports from the State Council and the Ministry of Public Security, Hubei, 6 Feb., 5 June and 10 Nov. 1961, SZ34-5-15, pp. 7–8 and 58–61. |
| 32 | Sichuan, Nov.–Dec. 1961, JC1-2756, pp. 84–5. |
| 33 | Neibu cankao , 1 May 1960, p. 30. |
| 34 | Gansu, 31 Aug. 1960, 91-9-58, pp. 32–7. |
| 35 | Hubei, 18 April 1961, SZ34-5-15, p. 9. |
| 36 | Hubei, 1961, SZ34-5-15, pp. 9–10. |
| 37 | Gansu, 16 June 1961, zhong (61) 420, 91-18-211, pp. 116–19. |
| 38 | Yunnan, Aug. 1960, 2-1-4245, p. 55; Yunnan, 10 July 1961, 2-1-4587, p. 83. |
| 39 | Yunnan, 10 and 22 July 1961, 2-1-4587, pp. 82 and 112–14. |
| 40 | Guangdong, 20 July, 2 Aug. and 23 Nov. 1961, 253-1-11, pp. 44, 51 and 53. |
| 41 | Xuancheng, 25 June 1961, 3-1-257, p. 32. |
| 42 | Hunan, 12 Dec. 1961, 186-1-587, p. 5. |
| 43 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Beijing, 12 June 1958 and 14 Jan. 1959, 105-604-1, pp. 21 and 24–30. |
| 44 | PRO, London, 28 Feb. 1959, FO371-143870. |
| 45 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Beijing, 23 Aug. 1961, 106-999-3, pp. 40–55. |
| 46 | RGANI, Moscow, 22 May 1962, 5-30-401, p. 39. |
| 47 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Beijing, 10 May 1962, 118-1100-9, pp. 71–9. |
| 48 | RGANI, Moscow, 28 April 1962, 3-18-53, pp. 2–3 and 8–12. |
| 49 | RGANI, Moscow, May 1962, 3-16-89, pp. 63–7. |
| 50 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Beijing, 30 June 1962, 118-1758-1, pp. 1–8. |
| 51 | RGANI, Moscow, 6 Nov. 1964, 5-49-722, pp. 194–7. |
| 52 | Hong Kong Annual Report , Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1959, p. 23. |
| 53 | ICRC, Geneva, report from J. Duncan Wood, Sept. 1963, BAG 234 048-008.03. |
| 54 | Hong Kong Standard , 11 May 1962. |
| 55 | According to a defector interviewed by the CIA; see CIA, Washington, 27 July 1962, OCI 2712-62, p. 4; a similar report was carried by the South China Morning Post , 6 June 1962. |
| 56 | ICRC, Geneva, report from Paul Calderara, 5 June 1962, BAG 234 048-008.03. |
| 57 | Ibid.; see also PRO, Hong Kong, 1958–60, HKRS 518-1-5. |
| 58 | Hansard, ‘Hong Kong (Chinese Refugees)’, HC Deb, 28 May 1962, vol. 660, cols 974–7; ICRC, Geneva, report from J. Duncan Wood, Sept. 1963, BAG 234 048-008.03. |
| 59 | Aristide R. Zolberg, Astri Suhrke and Sergio Aguayo, Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 160. |
| 60 | ‘Refugee dilemma’, Time , 27 April 1962. |
Chapter 28: Children
| 1 | Wujiang, 13 April 1959, 1001-3-92, pp. 63–9. |
| 2 | Beijing, 4 and 18 Aug. 1960, 84-1-167, pp. 1–9 and 43–52. |
| 3 | Beijing, 31 March 1959, 101-1-132, pp. 26–40. |
| 4 | Guangzhou, 9 Jan., 7 March, 29 April, 18 May and 14 Dec. 1959, 16-1-19, pp. 19–24, 51–5, 57–61, 64–6 and 70; on the use of physical punishment in Shanghai see Shanghai, 24 Aug. 1961, A20-1-54, p. 18. |
| 5 | Shanghai, 7 May 1961, A20-1-60, p. 64; 24 Aug. 1961, A20-1-54, pp. 16–24. |
| 6 | Beijing, 4 Aug. 1960, 84-1-167, pp. 43–52. |
| 7 | Beijing, 18 Aug. 1960, 84-1-167, pp. 1–9. |
| 8 | Nanjing, 14 Nov. 1961, 5012-3-584, p. 79. |
| 9 | Guangzhou, 18 May 1959, 16-1-19, pp. 51–5. |
| 10 | Nanjing, 21 April 1960, 4003-2-347, pp. 22–6. |
| 11 | Hubei, 25 Dec. 1960, SZ34-5-16, pp. 2–3. |
| 12 | Guangdong, 1961, 314-1-208, p. 16. |
| 13 | For the rules and regulations in the secondary school system, see Suzanne Pepper, Radicalism and Education Reform in 20th-Century China: The Search for an Ideal Development Model , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 293 ff. |