Read Mao's Great Famine Online
Authors: Frank Dikötter
| 14 | Wuhan, 9 April and 26 Dec. 1958, 70-1-767, pp. 33–45. |
| 15 | Wuhan, 6 Jan. 1959, 70-1-68, pp. 19–24. |
| 16 | Nanjing, 28 Dec. 1958, 4003-1-150, p. 81. |
| 17 | Hunan, 2 June 1960, 163-1-1087, pp. 43–5. |
| 18 | Sichuan, May 1961, JC1-2346, p. 15. |
| 19 | Guangdong, 25 Jan. 1961, 217-1-645, pp. 11–14. |
| 20 | Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-646, pp. 10–11. |
| 21 | Hunan, 8 April 1961, 146-1-583, p. 96. |
| 22 | Ibid. |
| 23 | Guangdong, 31 Dec. 1960, 217-1-576, pp. 54–68. |
| 24 | Hunan, 13 Feb. 1961, 151-1-18, pp. 24–5. |
| 25 | Guangdong, 1960, 217-1-645, pp. 60–4. |
| 26 | Neibu cankao , 30 Nov. 1960, p. 16. |
| 27 | Yunnan, 22 May 1959, 2-1-3700, pp. 93–8. |
| 28 | Interview with Ding Qiao’er, born 1951, Huangxian county, Shandong, Dec. 2006. |
| 29 | Interview with Liu Shu, born 1946, Renshou county, Sichuan, April 2006. |
| 30 | Interview with Li Erjie, born 1922, Chengdu, Sichuan, April 2006. |
| 31 | On this phenomenon one should read Robert Dirks, ‘Social Responses during Severe Food Shortages and Famine’, Current Anthropology , vol. 21, no. 1 (Feb. 1981), p. 31. |
| 32 | Nanjing, 10 May 1960, 5003-3-722, pp. 27–31. |
| 33 | Hebei, 10 Feb. 1960, 855-18-778, p. 36. |
| 34 | Interview with Li Erjie, born 1922, Chengdu, Sichuan, April 2006. |
| 35 | Nanjing, 4 Jan. 1960, 4003-1-202, p. 1; 21 July, 30 Sept. and 15 Dec. 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 17, 20, 27 and 36. |
| 36 | Nanjing, 4 Jan. 1960, 4003-1-202, p. 1; 21 July, 30 Sept. and 15 Dec. 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 17, 27 and 36. |
| 37 | Nanjing, 20 May 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 12–14. |
| 38 | Wuhan, 20 July 1959, 13-1-765, pp. 72–3; Hubei, 30 Aug. 1961, SZ34-5-16, pp. 35–6. |
| 39 | Hubei, 18 Sept. 1961, SZ34-5-16, pp. 41–2. |
| 40 | Hebei, 17 Aug. 1961, 878-2-17, pp. 142–5. |
| 41 | Hebei, 24 Jan. 1961, 878-2-17, pp. 1–5. |
| 42 | Guangdong, 10 Feb. 1961, 217-1-640, pp. 18–28. |
| 43 | Sichuan, 1 Oct. 1961, JC44-1432, pp. 89–90; a September 1962 report mentions 200,000 orphans; see JC44-1442, p. 34. |
| 44 | Sichuan, 1962, JC44-1440, pp. 46 and 118–19. |
| 45 | Sichuan, 1962, JC44-1441, p. 35. |
| 46 | Interview with Zhao Xiaobai, born 1948, Lushan county, Henan, May and Dec. 2006. |
| 47 | Sichuan, 1961, JC1-2768, pp. 27–9. |
| 48 | Hubei, 24 April, 30 Aug. and 18 Sept. 1961, SZ34-5-16, pp. 19, 35–6 and 41–2. |
| 49 | Yunnan, 16 May 1959, 81-4-25, p. 17. |
| 50 | Hunan, 30 June 1964, 187-1-1332, p. 14. |
Chapter 29: Women
| 1 | See Dikötter, Exotic Commodities . |
| 2 | On this one should read Gao Xiaoxian, ‘ “The Silver Flower Contest”: Rural Women in 1950s China and the Gendered Division of Labour’, Gender and History , vol. 18, no. 3 (Nov. 2006), pp. 594–612. |
| 3 | Hunan, 13 March 1961, 146-1-582, pp. 80–1. |
| 4 | Sichuan, 1961, JC1-2611, p. 3. |
| 5 | Hunan, 13 March 1961, 146-1-582, pp. 80–1. |
| 6 | Guangdong, 23 March 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 10–13. |
| 7 | Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-618, pp. 18–41. |
| 8 | Guangdong, 2 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 61–6. |
| 9 | Beijing, 15 March 1961, 1-28-29, pp. 1–2. |
| 10 | Beijing, 10 Feb. 1961, 84-1-180, pp. 1–9. |
| 11 | The figure for Hunan was an estimate of ‘gynaecological problems’, defined as prolapse of the uterus or lack of menstrual periods for a duration of at least half a year in working women, excluding those who were too sick actually to work; Shanghai, 1 Feb. 1961, B242-1-1319-15, p. 1; Hunan, 8 Dec. 1960, 212-1-508, p. 90; see also Hebei, 19 Jan. 1961, 878-1-7, pp. 1–4. |
| 12 | Hubei, 23 Feb. 1961, SZ1-2-898, pp. 12–17. |
| 13 | Guangdong, 6 April 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 1–9. |
| 14 | Hebei, 27 June 1961, 880-1-7, pp. 53 and 59. |
| 15 | Hebei, 27 April 1961, 880-1-7, p. 88. |
| 16 | Hebei, 2 June 1960, 855-9-4006, p. 150. |
| 17 | Hunan, 21 Jan. 1961, 146-1-580, p. 45. |
| 18 | Hunan, 24 Feb. 1961, 146-1-588, p. 9. |
| 19 | Hunan, 1959, 141-1-1322, pp. 2–5 and 14. |
| 20 | Neibu cankao , 30 Nov. 1960, p. 17. |
| 21 | Kaiping, 24 Sept. 1960, 3-A10-76, p. 19. |
| 22 | Kaiping, 6 June 1959, 3-A9-80, p. 6. |
| 23 | Sichuan, 18 Aug. 1962, JC44-3927, pp. 2–6. |
| 24 | Nanjing, 20 May 1959, 4003-2-315, p. 12. |
| 25 | Neibu cankao , 13 Feb. 1961, pp. 14–15. |
| 26 | Neibu cankao , 12 June 1961, pp. 9–10. |
| 27 | Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-618, pp. 18–41. |
| 28 | David Arnold, Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change , Oxford: Blackwell, 1988, p. 89. |
Chapter 30: The Elderly
| 1 | Charlotte Ikels, Aging and Adaptation: Chinese in Hong Kong and the United States , Hamden: Archon Books, 1983, p. 17. |
| 2 | Macheng, 15 Jan. 1959, 1-1-443, p. 28. |
| 3 | Deborah Davis-Friedmann, Long Lives: Chinese Elderly and the Communist Revolution , Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991, p. 87, quoting the People’s Daily dated 15 Jan. 1959. |
| 4 | Beijing, May 1961, 1-14-666, p. 25. |
| 5 | Guangdong, 10 Feb. 1961, 217-1-640, pp. 18–28. |
| 6 | Sichuan, 29 Nov. and 24 Dec. 1958, JC1-1294, pp. 71 and 129. |
| 7 | Sichuan, 1959, JC44-2786, p. 55. |
| 8 | Hunan, 1961, 167-1-1016, pp. 1 and 144. |
| 9 | Hunan, 1960, 146-1-520, p. 102. |
| 10 | Interview with Jiang Guihua, born 1940, Zhaojue county, Sichuan, April 2007. |
| 11 | Hubei, 3 July 1961, SZ18-2-202, p. 70. |
Chapter 31: Accidents
| 1 | Hunan, 5 Nov. 1958, 141-1-1051, p. 123. |
| 2 | Hunan, 9 March 1959, 163-1-1046, p. 24. |
| 3 | Nanjing, 16 April 1959, 4003-1-279, pp. 151–2. |
| 4 | Nanjing, 31 Oct. 1959, 5003-3-711, p. 33. |
| 5 | Hubei, 5 Jan. 1960, SZ34-4-477, p. 34. |
| 6 | Hunan, 16 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1960, 141-1-1655, pp. 54–5 and 66–7. |
| 7 | Report from the State Council, Hubei, 3 March 1960, SZ34-4-477, p. 29. |
| 8 | Hunan, July 1959, 141-1-1224, pp. 13–14. |
| 9 | Chishui, 27 Feb. 1959, 1-A10-25, p. 2. |
| 10 | Li, Dayuejin , vol. 2, p. 233. |
| 11 | Report by Mao Qihua to the centre, Gansu, 4 Sept. 1960, zhongfa (60) 825, 91-18-154, pp. 99–106; the report estimated that, out of 13,000 casualties, about 5,000 happened in the mining industry. |
| 12 | Sichuan, 15 June to 19 Nov. 1962, JC1-3174, pp. 4–6. |
| 13 | Hunan, 4 Oct. 1959, 141-1-1258, pp. 12–13; July 1959, 141-1-1224, pp. 13–14. |
| 14 | Nanjing, Sept.–Oct. 1959, 5035-2-5, pp. 15–21; 3 Aug. 1961, 9046-1-4, pp. 47–54. |
| 15 | Nanjing, 12 Jan. 1959, 5003-3-721, pp. 1–7. |
| 16 | Nanjing, 9 Jan. 1959, 4003-1-171, p. 17. |
| 17 | Hunan, May 1959, 141-1-1258, pp. 63–4. |
| 18 | Hubei, 12 Sept. 1960, SZ34-4-477, pp. 70–81. |