Authors: Antonia Fraser
Hinner, Joseph
Hofburg (castle)
Hoffman, William M.
Hossein, Robert
Huart, M. (dancing master)
Hubert, Pierre
Hüe, François
Hume, David;
History of England
Imbault (music engraver)
Inistal, Comte d’
Isabella, Princess of Parma (Louis XV’s granddaughter): marriage to Joseph; attracted to Marie Christine; children; death; gives French royal portraits to Maria Teresa; on position of royal wife; on royal etiquette
Jacob, Georges
Jacobin Club
Jacobins
James II, King of England
Jarjayes, Chevalier François Régnier de
Jarjayes, Madame de
Jefferson, Thomas
Jemappes
Joanna, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)
Johnson, Samuel
Joly, Sieur (dancer)
Jones, John Paul
Joseph I, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Joseph II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (MA’s brother): stands as proxy godfather to MA; first marriage (to Isabella); place in family; and wife’s attraction to Marie Christine; second marriage (to Josepha); elected Emperor; and death of Josepha; bookishness; stands godfather to Swinburne’s son; parsimony over MA’s progress to Paris; and death of daughter Teresa, 44, 50; gives entertainment for departing MA; attends MA’s proxy marriage; meets MA on journey to Paris; mocks Versailles women’s make-up; on Louis XVI’s sexual problem; and MA’s influence in France; on MA’s unhappiness; accuses MA of flirting with Englishmen; on MA’s virtue; visits MA in Paris; fondness for MA; and Bavarian succession; attempts to ban excessive court dress; emphasizes French alliance; MA writes to on mother’s death; on birth of MA’s son; stands godfather to MA’s second child; on death of Maurepas; plotting in international affairs; and Scheldt affair; militaristic temperament; told of birth of Louis Charles; and birth of MA’s daughter Sophie; and Marie Christine’s visit to MA; receives souvenir album of Trianon; MA declines to meet in Brussels; on MA’s appearance; in conflict with Turkey; letter from MA on Dauphin’s delicate health; on MA’s role as mother; death; clash with Pius VI; neutrality over MA’s fate
Josepha, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)
Josepha of Bavaria, Empress of Joseph II
Josephine, Empress of Napoleon I
Josephine of Savoy
see
Provence, Comtesse de
Journal de Paris
Julian,
le beau
(hairdresser)
Kaunitz-Rietburg, Wenzel Anton, Prince von
Khevenhüller-Metsch, Count Johann Joseph
Kinsky, Count
Klinckowström, Baron R. M. de
Krantzinger, Joseph
Krottendorf, Générale
Kucharski, Aleksander
Laage de Volude, Comtesse de
La Baccelli, Giovanna
Laborde (banker)
La Caze, Dr
Lacy, General Franz Moritz, Count
La Fayette, Marie Adrienne Françoise, Marquise de
La Fayette, Marie Jean Gilbert, Marquis de: fights in American War of Independence; received by MA; impressed by Cagliostro; on Assembly of Notables; in National Assembly; as commander of National Guard; and women’s march on Versailles; and MA in Tuileries; proposes new oath; rumoured to be MA’s lover; and flight of royals; and return of Louis XVI to Paris; at Champ de Mars; blamed for Varennes escape; slandered in play; and MA’s proposed flight to Compiègne; flees France; Louis XVI’s correspondence with;
Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme
Lafont d’Aussone (biographer)
La Marck, Comte de
La Marck, Comtesse de
La Martinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen de
Lamballe, Marie Thérèse, Princesse de: background and character; relations with MA; attends Gluck opera; made Superintendent of MA’s Household; patronizes Rose Bertin; and birth of MA’s children; with MA at Petit Trianon; and Diamond Necklace Affair; on Dauphin Louis Joseph, ; at Louis Joseph’s funeral; joins MA in Paris (1789); not warned of MA’s flight; and MA’s ageing after arrest; returns to MA; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; leaves Tuileries with MA; removed to the Temple; interrogated by Commune; killed and decapitated; in La Force prison; effigy exhibited
Lambesc, Prince de
Lameth, Alexandre de
Lamorlière, Rosalie
Lamotte Valois, Jeanne de, “Comtesse,”
Lamotte Valois, Nicolas de, “Comte,”
Larivière, Louis
Larivière, Madame (Louis’ mother)
La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, Comte de
Larsenneur, Sieur (hairdresser)
Lassonne, Dr. Jean-Marie
La Tour du Pin, Henrietta Lucy, Marquise de (née Dillon,
earlier
Comtesse de Gouvernet)
Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de
Launoy, Dame
Lauzun, Armand Louis, Duc de
Laxenburg (palace), near Vienna
Le Brun, Jean Baptiste
Lecointre, Laurent
Legislative Assembly
Lemoine (valet)
Le Mounier, Dr.
Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste
Lenoir, Jean
Léonard (hairdresser)
Leopold I, Emperor
Leopold, Archduke of Austria (
later
Emperor Leopold II; MA’s brother): place in family; resents Marie Christine’s favour with mother; marriage; Fersen meets; Joseph reports to on MA in Paris; MA complains to of public indifference to death of son; succeeds Joseph II in Austria; moves Mercy from France; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; MA warns against Freemasons; attitude to French turmoil; and MA’s attempted flight; MA hopes for help from; and declaration of Pillnitz; Legislative Assembly brings decree against; death and succession
Le Pipelet, Hippoy
Lep"tre, Jacques
Lerchenfeld, Countess
Levasseur, Rosalie
Lever d’Aurore, Le
(pamphlet)
Lévis, Gaston, Duc de
Levret, Sieur
Liancourt, François, Duc de
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de
Lisbon earthquake (1755)
Liselotte, Duchesse d’Orléans
Loménie de Brienne, (Cardinal) Etienne Charles de, Archbishop of Toulouse: recommends Vermond; ambitions for office; appointed Finance Minister; MA supports; administrative measures and aims; resigns as Finance Minister and made Cardinal
Lorraine, Anne Charlotte, Mademoiselle de,
Lorraine, principality (formerly duchy) of,
Louis XIII, King of France
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XV, King of France: dislikes breastfeeding; regency during childhood; favours and maintains alliance with Austria; in line of succession; advises Ferdinand of Parma on marriage; appearance; and Austrian marriage for grandson; fondness for Maria Josepha; Maria Teresa requests kindness towards MA; complains of Austrian dowries; Maria Teresa and MA address in letters; at parting from daughter; first meets MA; profligacy; and Du Barry; and dispute over Mlle. de Lorraine; and MA’s compassion; and MA’s marriage relations; apathetic nature; and dispensation of justice; welcomes MA’s acknowledgment of Du Barry; fondness for cats; health decline and death; practises birth control; statue smashed
Louis XVI, King of France (
formerly
Dauphin Louis Auguste): attitude to Austria; becomes Dauphin on death of elder brother; meets Hume; overweight and appearance; betrothal to MA; religious faith; portraits presented to MA; first meets MA; devotion to aunts; wedding ceremonies; marriage relations; life at Versailles; hunting; and MA’s hostility to Du Barry; disagreements with brother Provence; reading; sexual limitations and inhibitions; official visit to Paris (1773); consummates marriage with MA; succeeds to throne; banishes Du Barry; rule and government; coronation; endorses dismissal of Guines; metal-working; and MA’s gambling; congratulates Esterhazy on birth of son; anger at
libelles
against MA; pays MA’s jewellery bills; and French intervention in American Revolution; Joseph meets and instructs; and MA’s pregnancy; and Bavarian crisis (1777–8); banishes Duc de Chartres from court; at birth of daughter; improved relations with MA after birth of daughter; daughter’s attachment to; and MA’s new manners at Versailles; enjoys MA’s amateur theatricals; attitude to Polignac set; declines to take mistress; declares mourning for Maria Teresa; and birth and baptism of son; and MA’s attempted influence on Joseph’s behalf; liking for Fersen; pacific nature; records MA’s visits to Petit Trianon; witnesses Montgolfier’s balloon ascent; Wilberforce describes; devotion to daughter; hostility to Beaumarchais’
Figaro
; buys furniture; and Diamond Necklace Affair; inspects Cherbourg and other ports; and financial problems; apathy; and MA’s growing political activism; depression; favours Duchesse de Polignac; recalls Necker; and Fersen’s relations with MA; and Third Estate; accused of impotency and drunkenness; near-fatal accident; in 1789 procession; attends opening of Estates General; and son Louis Joseph’s death and funeral; in Marly; vacillates before revolutionary acts; leaves fall of Bastille unmentioned; makes concessions to National Assembly; unhappiness at Yolande de Polignac’s departure; remains at Versailles; maintains court routine; lacks self-esteem; receives deputation of market women; leaves Versailles for Paris; life in Tuileries; at Maundy ceremony; and daughter’s first communion; believes in compromise; MA insists on staying with; refuses to escape; constitutional position reconsidered; threatens to disown Artois for conspiracies; signs decree for Civil Constitution of the Clergy; and taking of Easter Communion; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; ill-health; wavers over escape plans; attempts flight; arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris; interrogated about flight; and new Constitution; vilified; accepts new Constitution and revised status; and royalist activities in Coblenz; disfavours armed congress; declares émigré princes traitors; use of veto; rumours of further escapes by; Fersen meets in Tuileries; declares war on Austria; threatened by mob in Tuileries; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; final journal entry; threats to depose; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; on death of Princesse de Lamballe; teaches Dauphin in Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from family; correspondence discovered in
armoire de fer
; ill-health in Temple; tried and sentenced to death; writes will; executed; exhumed and reburied (1815); memorial sculpture; favours simpler tastes
Louis XVIII, King of the French
see
Provence, Louis Xavier, Comte de
Louis Auguste, Dauphin
see
Louis XVI, King of France
Louis Charles (MA/Louis XVI’s son; Duc de Normandie;
then
Dauphin,
later
King Louis XVII): born; childhood; in group portrait; robust health; becomes Dauphin on death of brother; in line of succession; MA describes; Madame de Tourzel appointed governess to; in mob attack on Versailles; life in Tuileries; National Guard give dominoes from stone of Bastille; escape plans for; proposed education for; proposed Regent for; in escape attempt; nightmares; wins popular approval on return to Paris; and mob invasion of Tuileries; threats to remove from parents; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; given lessons in Temple; barred from seeing father; in father’s last will and testament; sees father before execution; reserved recognition as Louis XVII; sings lament; injures testicle; separated from MA in prison; MA interrogated about; retained as hostage; supposed sexual abuse by mother; invoked in MA’s interrogation; in MA’s final letter to Madame Elisabeth; death; posthumous claimants as “false Dauphins,”
Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France (Louis XVI’s father): anti-Austrian feelings; death; wedding to Maria Josepha; and bread shortage
Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France (MA/Louis XVI’s son): birth and baptism; paternity questioned; delicate health,; appearance; inoculation against smallpox; childhood; in group portrait; at Meudon; death and obsequies; precocity and sweetness of character
Louis Philippe, King of the French
see
Chartres, Louis Philippe, Duc de
Louis, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt
Louis Xavier (Louis XVI’s brother)
see
Provence, Comte de
Louise, Madame (Louis XV’s daughter)
see
Thérèse Augustine, Sister
Louise, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt: friendship with MA; and MA’s 1785 pregnancy; and death of sister Charlotte; MA descibes children to
Luckner, General
Ludwig, King of Bavaria
Lully, Jean Baptiste