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Maryon Pittman Allen, e-mail to author, 30 November 2003.
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To Uncle Jack Finch, Harper Lee gives the hoary arguments about the Lost Cause and states' rights inGo Set a Watchman.
“Now then, Scout,” said her uncle. “Now, at this very minute, a political philosophy foreign to it is being pressed on the South, and the South's not ready for itâwe're finding ourselves in the same deep waters. As sure as time, history is repeating itself, and as sure as man is man, history is the last place he'll look for his lessons. I hope to God it'll be a comparatively bloodless Reconstruction this time.”
And, “It seems quixotic today, with jet airplanes and overdoses of Nembutal, that a man would go through a war for something so insignificant as his state.”
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The Rev. J. O. Malone, interview with author, 13 April 2003. James Agee, visiting Alabama in the 1930s, wrote:
The school population of this county is five black to one white, and since not a cent of the money has gone into Negro schools.⦠Negro children, meanwhile, continue to sardine themselves, a hundred and a hundred and twenty strong, into stove-heated one-room pine shacks which might comfortably accommodate a fifth of their number if the walls, roof, and windows were tight.
James Agee,Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Mariner Books, 2001), 220.
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“The one thing that whites had to be careful about was permitting the blacks to cross the line socially. Not so much from a personal standpoint, but to prevent being ostracized by their own race. With blacks this was not true, because all blacks were well aware that they badly needed white friends who could go to bat for them.” George Thomas Jones, e-mail to author, 5 October 2002.
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Dixiecrats, the States' Rights Democratic Party, seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights, so adamant were they that the color lines were necessary.
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“President Eisenhower may have inadvertently verbalized some of the deepest fears of Southerners when he explained in 1954 that segregationists âwere not bad people. All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in schools alongside some big overgrown Negroes.'” Patrick Chura, “Prolepsis and Anachronism: Emmett Till and the Historicity of To Kill a Mockingbird,”The Southern Literary Journal , vol. 32, no. 2 (2000), 1.
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Joseph Crespino, “Atticus Finch Offers a Lesson in Southern Politics,”The New York Times , 16 July 2015.
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Harper Lee,Go Set a Watchman: A Novel . HarperCollins (2015). Kindle edition.
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Apparently, the manuscript was submitted under the title “Atticus,” according to a corporate history of Lippincott. Perhaps “Atticus” was Crain's suggestion. But for the sake of clarity,Go Set a Watchman will be used throughout.
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Williams papers, box 210, author card files IâQ.
7. TAY HOHOFF EDITS G O S ET A W ATCHMAN
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Clarissa W. Atkinson, later an associate dean of the Harvard Divinity School, was an assistant editor for Hohoff:
“She and Miss Lucy Tompkins and my new boss, Eunice Blake, were the first women I actually knew (as opposed to actresses and people like that) who kept their maiden names after they were married. [Hohoff was married to Arthur Torrey, a literary agent.] When I got married after three years at Lippincott, Miss Hohoff let me know how much she disapproved of my changing my name. I was polite, of course, but I thought she was nuts.”
Neely Tucker, “How âTo Kill a Mockingbird' Came to Be: More Evidence,”The Washington Post , 18 February 2015.
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Jonathan Mahler, “The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee's âTo Kill a Mockingbird,'”The New York Times , 12 July 2015.
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Tay Hohoff,Cats and Other People (New York: Popular Library, 1973), 20.
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Tay Hohoff, “We Get a New Author,”Literary Guild Book Club Magazine , August 1960, 3â4. Typical of Hohoff's enthusiasm was her reaction to Nicholas Delbanco's draft ofGrasse 3/23/66 over lunch. “She said, âIt's coruscating, Nicholas!'” he recalled. “I nodded sagely and had no idea what she meant. After she finished her second martini, I had to run home and look the word up myself.”
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Margarite (Ridge) Perrone was the first reader. She recommended Hohoff reject the novel because, among other things, the references to menstruation were offensive. Fernanda Perrone, interview with author, 16 February 2015.
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Tucker,The Washington Post , 18 February 2015.
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The Author and His Audience: 175th Anniversary of J. B. Lippincott Company (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1967), 28.
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Karla Nelson, “Off the Shelf: âGo Set a Watchman' in the Papers of Lee's Literary Agents,” newsletter, Columbia University Libraries, 14 July 2015.
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Wayne Greenhaw, interview with author, 20 March 2004.
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The long, long section about Methodism is one of the most egregious examples. Even to knowledgeable Christians, it's incredibly abstruse and unrewarding.
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Both Lett and Lowery were luckless types, human flotsam on the surface of economic hard times. Naomi Lowery, twenty-five, had drifted into Monroe County with her husband, Ira, after living for several years in a fifteen-dollar-a-month rented house in Memphis, Tennessee. Lett, in his early thirties, had served time in the state prison farm in Tunnel Springs, Alabama, draining swamps and cutting roads through wooded areas. The length of his sentence, less than ten years, suggests that he had been convicted of drunkenness or fighting.
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It may have been that he and Lowery were lovers, or that she was involved with another man who was black. If a white woman became pregnant under those circumstances, it was not uncommon for her to claim rape, or accuse someone other than her lover. John N. Maxwell, who grew up in nearby Beatrice, Alabama, in the late 1930s remembered his father “remarking about a local case in which a black man was accused of molesting a white woman. He said he had the feeling the man wasn't guilty. But later, when the suspect tried to escape, my father said that proved it, the man was guilty. Any educated person today knows that that man was running for his life.” John N. Maxwell, interview with author, 9 July 2003.
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State of Alabama v. Walter Lett , State Minutes of the Circuit Court, Monroe County Courthouse, Monroeville, Monroe County, Alabama (1934), 345.
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“Lett Negro Saved from Electric Chair,”Monroe Journal , 12 July 1934, 1.
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C. E. Johnson, M.D., to Hon. B. M. Miller, governor, 20 July 1934, Death Cases (Executions, Reprieves and Communications) by Gov. B. M. Miller, Alabama State Archives, Montgomery, AL.
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G. M. Taylor, M.D., to Hon. B. M. Miller, governor, 23 July 1934, Alabama State Archives, Montgomery, AL.
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Readers, teachers, and scholars tend to assume Lee turned to the Scottsboro Boys trials in 1931â1937 for the novel that becameTo Kill a Mockingbird. The Scottsboro “boys”âblack teenagers, with none older than nineteenâwere accused of raping two white girls in boxcars on the Southern Railroad freight run from Chattanooga to Memphis, as the train crossed the Alabama border on March 25, 1931. But Lee, writing to biographer Hazel Rowley (Richard Wright: The Life and Times , 2001) said that she did not have so sensational a case as the Scottsboro Boys in mind, “but it will more than do as an example (albeit a lurid one) of deep-South attitudes on race vs. justice that prevailed at the time.” Hazel Rowley, “Mockingbird Country,”Australian's Review of Books , 22 April 1999.
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“Negro law,” not taught in any law school or codified in any statute book was a blur that whipped past black defendants. Part show, part legal twaddle, it rested largely, wrote the southern historian Leon Litwack inTrouble in Mind (1998), “on custom, racial assumptions, the unquestioned authority of whites, and a heavy dose of paternalism.”
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“Centennial Edition: 1866â1966,”Monroe Journal , 22 December 1966.
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George Thomas Jones, e-mail to author, 24 October 2003.
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The Author and His Audience , 28.
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Truman Capote, letter to Alvin and Marie Dewey, 12 August 1960. InToo Brief a Treat: The Letters of Truman Capote , ed. Gerald Clarke (New York: Random House, 2004), 290.
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“Negro Accidentally Killed Last Friday,”Monroe Journal , 16 February 1933, 1.
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“Mad Dog Warning Issued for State,”Monroe Journal , 28 June 1934, 2.
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Capote, letter to Alvin Dewey III, 4 July 1964, in Clarke,Too Brief , 401.
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Claude Nunnelly, interview with author, 7 December 2003.
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Dr. Grady Nunn, letter to author, 1 December 2003.
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Peschock, T. Madison. “A Well-Hidden Secret: Harper Lee's Contributions to Truman Capote'sIn Cold Blood .” PhD dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2012.
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“Harper Lee Gets Scroll, Tells of Book,”Birmingham News , 12 November 1961, n.p.
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The Author and His Audience , 29.
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Susan Philipp, interview with author, 9 March 2004.
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Nicholas Delbanco, e-mail to author, 10 November 2004.
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Marie Faulk Rudisill, interview with author, 21 December 2005.
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Dr. Nunn, e-mail to author, 1 December 2003.
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Sarah Countryman, interview with author, 9 March 2004.
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Harper Lee's Maycomb , 44.
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Fernanda Perrone, interview with author, 16 February 2015. Perrone's mother, Margarite, was the first reader ofGo Set a Watchman .
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The Author and His Audience , 28. It was Lee's decision to appear as “Harper Lee” on the cover. She never liked it when people pronounced her name “Nellie.” Winzola McLendon, “Nobody Mocks âMockingbird' Author: Sales Are Proof of Pudding,”The Washington Post , 17 November 1960, B12.
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Clarke,Capote , 319.
8. “SEE NL'S NOTES ”
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Capote papers, New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, box 7, folders 11â14, n.d. These folders contain dated but not numbered typewritten notes by Harper Lee.
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Ibid., 16 December 1959.
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Alvin A. Dewey as told to Dolores Hope, “The Clutter Case: 25 Years Later KBI Agent Recounts Holcomb Tragedy,”Garden City (Kansas)Telegram , 10 November 1984, compact disc.
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Clarke,Capote , 322.
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Crystal K. Wiebe, “Author Left Mark on State,”Lawrence Journal ,www.ljworld.com , 3 April 2005.
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Jon Craig, “The Clutter Family Murders, November 14â15, 1959,” unpublished paper, Washburn University, 5.
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Wiebe, “Author Left Mark.”
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Truman Capote papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, box 4, ac. 14, 213, research material/interviews.