Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century (154 page)

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Authors: Peter Watson

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NOTES AND REFERENCES

In these references, especially in regard to works published early in the century, I have given both the original publication details and, where appropriate, more recent editions and reprints. This is to aid readers who wish to pursue particular works, to show them where the more accessible versions are to be found. In addition, however, the publication history of key works also shows how the popularity of certain key ideas has varied down the years.

Quite naturally, there are fewer references for the last quarter of the book. These works have had much less chance to generate a secondary literature of commentary and criticism.

PREFACE

1. Saul Bellow,
Humboldt’s Gift,
New York: Viking Press, 1975; Penguin paperback, 1996, page 4. The reference to the nightmare may be compared with James Joyce’s
Ulysses:
‘History, Stephen said, is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.’ James Joyce,
Ulysses,
Paris: Shakespeare & Co., 1922; Penguin edition of the 1960 Bodley Head edition, 1992, page 42.

INTRODUCTION: AN EVOLUTION IN THE RULES
OF THOUGHT

1.
Michael Ignatieff, Interview with Isaiah Berlin, BBC 2, 24 November, 1997. See also: Michael Ignatieff,
Isaiah Berlin,
London: Chatto & Windus, 1998, p. 301.

2.
Martin Gilbert,
The Twentieth Century: Volume I, 1900–1933,
London: HarperCollins, 1997.

3.
Claude Lévi-Strauss and Didier Eribon,
De Prés et de Loin,
translated as
Conversations with Claude Lévi-Strauss,
Paula Wissig (translator), Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988, page 119.

4.
John Maddox,
What Remains to Be Discovered,
London: Macmillan, 1998, Introduction, pages 1— 21.

5.
Daniel C. Dennett,
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, page 21.

6.
Roger Smith,
The Fontana History of the Human Sciences,
London: Fontana Press, 1997, pages 577— 578.

7.
See, for example, Paul Langford,
A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

8.
Roger Scruton, An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Modem Culture, London: Duckworth, 1998, page 42.

9.
See Roger Shattuck,
Candor & Perversion: Literature, Education and the Arts,
New York: W. W. Norton, 1999, especially chapter six for a discussion of ‘The Spiritual in Art’, where the author argues that abstraction, or the absence of figuration in art, excludes analogies and correspondences – and therefore meaning.

10.
John Brockman (editor),
The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pages 18–19.

11.
Frank Kermode,
The Sense of an Ending,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966; paperback edition, Oxford, 1968.

CHAPTER I: DISTURBING THE PEACE

1.
Freud’s works have been published in a 24-volume Standard Edition, translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud.
The Interpretation of Dreams
is volume IV and V of this series. In this section, from the many biographies of Freud, I have used primarily Ronald Clark,
Freud: The Man and the Cause,
New York: Random House, 1980; and Giovanni Costigan,
Sigmund Freud: A Short Biography,
London: Robert Hale, 1967; but I also
recommend: Peter Gay,
A Life for Our Time,
London: J. M. Dent, 1988.

2.
Costigan,
Op. cit.,
page 101.

3.
Ibid.,
page 100.

4.
Ibid.,
page 99.

5.
Ibid.

6.
William M. Johnston,
The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, pages 33–34.

7.
Costigan, Op.
cit.,
pages 88–89.

8.
Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 40.

9.
Ibid.,
page 238. Costigan, Op.
cit.,
page 89.

10.
Costigan, Op.
cit.,
page 89.

11.
Johnston,
Op. cit.,
page 65.

12.
Clark, Op.
cit.,
page 12.

13.
Johnston,
Op. cit.,
page 223.

14.
Ibid.,
page 235.

15.
Ibid.,
page 236.

16.
Costigan, Op.
cit.,
page 42.

17.
Ibid.,
pages 68ff.

18.
Ibid.,
page 70.

19.
Clark, Op.
cit.,
page 180.

20.
Costigan,
Op. cit.,
page 77; Clark, Op.
cit.,
page 181.

21.
Clark, Op.
cit.,
page 185.

22.
Costigan, Op.
cit.,
page 79.

23.
Clark, Op.
cit.,
page 213–214; Costigan, Op.
cit.,
page 101.

24.
Joan Evans, Time and Chance: The Story of Arthur Evans and His Forebears, London: Longmans, 1943, page 329.

25.
Ibid.,
pages 350–351.

26.
Richard Stoneman, Land of Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece, London: Hutchinson, 1987, pages 268ff.

27.
Donald Mackenzie, Crete and Pre-Hellenic: Myths and Legends, London: Senate, 1995, page 153.

28.
Evans, Op.
cit.,
page 309.

29.
Ibid.,
pages 309–318.

30.
Mackenzie, Op.
cit.,
page 116. Evans,
Op. cit.,
pages 318–327

31.
Evans, Op.
cit.,
pages 329–330.

32.
Ibid.,
page 331.

33.
Mackenzie, Op.
cit.,
page 118.

34.
Evans, Op.
cit.,
pages 33 Iff; Mackenzie, Op.
cit.,
pages 187–190.

35.
Ernst Mayr,
The Growth of Biological Thought,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982, pages 727–729.

36.
Ibid.,
page 729; William R. Everdell,
The First Modems,
Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997, pages 162–163.

37.
Mayr, Op.
cit.,
pages 722–726.

38.
Ibid.,
page 728.

39.
Ibid.,
page 730. For a more critical view of this sequence of events, see: Peter J. Bowler,
The Mendelian Revolution; The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society,
London: The Athlone Press, 1989, pages 110–116.

40.
Mayr,
Op. cit.,
page 715. Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 160.

41.
Ibid.,
page 734.

42.
Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 166.

43.
Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986, though I have used the Penguin paperback edition: London, 1988, page 30.

44.
Ibid.,
page 40.

45.
Ibid.

46.
Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 167.

47.
Ibid.

48.
Ibid.,
page 167; Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
pages 30–31.

49.
Joel Davis,
Alternate Realities,
New York: Plenum, 1997, pages 215–219.

50.
Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 171.

51.
Ibid.,
page 166. Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 175.

52.
Davis, Op.
cit.,
page 218.

53.
John Richardson,
A Life of Picasso, 1881–1906,
volume 1, London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, pages 159ff

54.
Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim; Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War One, New York: Vintage, 1953, passim.

55.
Richardson, Op.
cit.,
pages 159ff

56.
Everdell, Op.
cit.,
chapter 10,
passim.

57.
Richardson,
Op. cit.,
page 172.

58.
Everdell,
Op. cit.,
page 155.

59.
John Berger,
The Success and Failure of Picasso,
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965, reprinted New York: Pantheon, 1980, page 67. Robert Hughes,
The Shock of the New,
London: Thames & Hudson, 1980 and 1991, pages 21 and 24.

CHAPTER 2: HALFWAY HOUSE

1.
William R. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., pages 147–148.

2.
Hilde Spiel,
Vienna’s Golden Autumn 1866–1938,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, pages 55ff.

3.
Johnston, Op.
cit.,
pages 77 and 120. See also: Spiel,
Op. cit.,
page 55, and George R. Marek,
Richard Strauss, The Life of a Non-Hero,
London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 166.

4.
Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin,
Wittgenstein’s Vienna,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, page 45.

5.
Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 77.

6.
Ibid.,
page 169 and, for therapeutic nihilism, page 223.

7.
Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 45.

8.
Franz Kuna, ‘A Geography of Modernism: Vienna and Prague 1890–1928,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors),
Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930,
London: Penguin, 1976, page 126.

9.
Carl E. Schorske,
Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 12–14.

10.
Kuna, Op.
cit.,
page 126.

11.
Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
pages 62–63.

12.
Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 14.

13.
Kuna, Op.
cit.,
page 127.

14.
Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
pages 114ff

15.
Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 17.

16.
Ibid.,
page 18.

17.
Ibid.,
page 19.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Cf. T. S. Eliot in Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, discussed in chapter 26.

20.
Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 21.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Kuna, Op.
cit.,
page 128.

23.
Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
page 92, where the authors also point out that Bruckner gave piano lessons to Ludwig Boltzmann and that Mahler ‘would bring his psychological problems to Dr. Freud.’

24.
Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 291.

25.
Ibid.,
page 296.

26.
Ibid., page 294.

27.
Ibid.,
page 299.

28.
William S. Everdell,
The First Moderns, Op. cit.,
page 190. See also Johnston,
Op. cit.,
pages 299–300.

29.
Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 135.

30.
Johnston, Op.
cit.,
pages 300–301.

31.
Ibid.,
page 301.

32.
Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 187.

33.
Ibid.,
page 191.

34.
Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 302.

35.
Ibid.,
pages 302–305.