Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (2 page)

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Contents

List of figures

List of maps

List of tables

Acknowledgements

Notes on transliteration

Abbreviations

Introduction

1 Ayyubid fortresses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries

2 Mongolian siege warfare and the defense of Mamluk fortresses

3 Laying the foundations: fortification work conducted during the reign of Baybars (1260–77), Qalāwūn (1280–90) and al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290–93)

4 Mamluk power on display: fortresses in the second half of the thirteenth century

5 Military architecture versus political and military organization

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Figures

Unless otherwise noted photographs are by the author

1.1 Ayyubid fortresses from the late twelfth to the early thirteenth centuries drawn on the same scale (Mrs Miri Shmida, cartography laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem). Plan of Mount Tabor adapted from A. Battista and B. Bagatti,
La Fortezza Saracena Del Monte Tabor (AH 609–15; AD 1212–18
) Jerusalem, 1976, Tav. 33. Plan of ‘Ajlūn adapted from C. N. Johns, “Medieval ‘Ajlun,”
QDAP
, vol. 1, 1931. pl. 21. Plan of
adapted from Deschamps,
Les Chateaux des Croisés et Terre Sainte II: La defense du royaume de Jérusalem
, Paris, 1939, fig. 1. Plan of Qal’at Sadr adapted from J. Barthoux, “Description d’une forteresse de Saladin découverte au Sinai,”
Syria
3, 1922:49

1.2 Mount Tabor, plan and aerial photograph (1945). Plan adapted from Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
; Tav. 33). Aerial photograph, courtesy of the archives of the Geography department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

1.3
, masonry in towers built during the first phase (1184). Curtain wall between towers 1 and 2. Plan adapted from Johns, “
,” pl. 21

1.4
, curtain wall between towers 7 and 8 belonging to the second phase (1184–1214). Plan adapted from Johns, “
,” pl. 21

1.5 An angle along the northern wall at
strengthened by masonry of higher quality

1.6
, the glacis below the southeastern gate

1.7 Main gates in Ayyubid fortresses. Adapted from Battista and Bagatti,
Mount Tabor
, Tav. 33; Deschamps,
Chateaux
, fig. 1; Barthoux, “Forteresse de Saladin,” 49

1.8
, reconstruction of the Ayyubid gate-tower. Adapted from M. Hartal,
The
(Nimrod) Fortress, Towers 11 and 9,
Jerusalem, 2001, fig. 7. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority

1.9 Postern at the northern wall of

1.10 Suggested stages in the development of the gate at
. Adapted from Johns, “
,” pl. 21