Neptune: The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings (61 page)

6.
The text of Hitler’s speech is available at several online sites including the Jewish Virtual Library at
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
.

7.
Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 606.

8.
Ibid., 620.

9.
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope
(New York: Viking Press, 1965), 271–72.

10.
Ibid.

11.
See WSC to Smuts, December 20, 1941, in Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 632–33. See also 641–43.

12.
Churchill’s briefing memo is in FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:21–37. Part II is also printed in Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 652–55.

13.
Memorandum by WSC, December 16–20, 1941, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:30.

14.
Quotations in this paragraph are from Ibid., 25.

15.
Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 662.

16.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 349; Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 603.

17.
George Elsey, “Strategy and Secrecy,” in Paul Stillwell, ed.,
Assault on Normandy:
First-Person Accounts from the Sea Services
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 14.

18.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 351.

19.
Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill,
Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1952), 360.

20.
Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 646; WSC Memo to War Cabinet, December 23, 1941, in Ibid., 665. See also Minutes of Meeting between FDR and WSC, December 22, 1941, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:63–65.

21.
Minutes of Conference in the White House, December 23, 1941, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:77–80. See also Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 663, and Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, chapter 12.

22.
Roosevelt relied in part on a briefing paper Stimson had prepared. It is printed in FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:44–47. WSC memo to War Cabinet, December 23, 1941, in Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 665; Eisenhower, Notes, December 23, 1941, PDDE, 1:19. See also J. M. A. Gwyer,
Grand Strategy
(London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1964), 2:354.

23.
Minutes of Chiefs of Staff meeting, December 24, 1941, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:82–90.

24.
Ibid., 82; Dill to Brooke, January 3, 1942, in Arthur Bryant,
The Turn of the
Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field Marshall Lord Alanbrooke
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957), 2:234. The dispute over diverting U.S. ships to Singapore is in Hollis to Smith, December 24, 1941, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:267–68. See also Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 264.

25.
Meeting minutes, December 24, 1941, are in FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:90–94. The “grinding away” comment was Eisenhower’s in DDE to Lucian Booth, January 14, 1942, PDDE, 1:55–56. See also Eisenhower’s Memorandum for file, December 28, 1941, in PDDE, 1:25–26.

26.
Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 277–79.

27.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 358; Eisenhower, Memorandum for File, December 28, 1941, PDDE, 1:25.

28.
Eisenhower initially designated the combined forces as ABDU (Australian, British, Dutch, and United States), though this was later changed to ABDA, in which “America” replaced “United States” in the acronym. The draft of Eisenhower’s proposal is in PDDE, 1:28–30.

29.
George C. Marshall,
Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue
, ed. Larry I. Bland (Lexington: George C. Marshall Foundation,1996), 357; King and Whitehill,
Fleet Admiral King
, 363.

30.
Marshall,
Interviews and Reminiscences
, 357; Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 358; Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 673.

31.
Philip Ziegler,
Mountbatten
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 183–85; Marshall,
Interviews and Reminiscences
, 358, 595, 600–601; Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 279–80; Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 368–69; Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 674.

32.
GCM to FDR, December 26, 1941, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:239. The minutes of the December 26 meeting are in Ibid., 100–104. See also notes taken by General Gerow, Ibid., 104–106. Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 647; Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 364.

33.
Minutes of the Chiefs of Staff meeting, January 12, 1942, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:182–91. The Marshall quotation is from 190. See also Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 361–66.

34.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 366; William Hardy McNeill,
America, Britain, and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict, 1941–1946
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), 108.

35.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 367–68; Thomas Parrish,
Roosevelt and Marshall:
Partners in Politics and War
(New York William Morrow, 1989), 227–31.

36.
Sherwood,
Hopkins and Roosevelt
, 368–70.

37.
Ibid., 353–57.

38.
Ibid., 375.

39.
Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, 686.

Chapter 3: “We’ve Got to Go to Europe and Fight”

1.
George Marshall,
Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue
, ed. Larry I. Bland (Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1996), 108–9. See also Thomas Parrish,
Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War
(New York: William Morrow, 1989), 15–18.

2.
Brooke Diary (entry of April 15, 1942), 249.

3.
Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill,
Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1952), 368.

4.
Eisenhower, Notes for Diary, January 22, 1942, PDDE, 1:66.

5.
FDR to WSC, March 7 and 9, 1942, Francis L. Lowenstein et al., eds.,
Roosevelt and
Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence
(New York: Saturday Review/E. P. Dutton, 1975), 188, 190. Hereafter
Correspondence
.

6.
Memo for the Chief of Staff, March 25, 1942, PDDE, 1:205–7.

7.
Henry L. Stimson with McGeorge Bundy,
On Active Service in Peace and War
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947) 416–17 (entry of March 25, 1942). Hereafter Stimson Diary. A complete text of Marshall’s plan as drafted by Eisenhower is in Appendix III of J. R. M. Butler,
Grand Strategy II
, vol. 3 of
History of the Second World War
(London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1964), 675–81.

8.
FDR to WSC, March 9, 1942, is not in Lowenstein’s edited volume. Instead, see Warren F. Kimball, ed.,
Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 1:298–99.

9.
Brooke Diary (April 8, 1942), 246.

10.
Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
(New York: Enigma Books, 1948, 2008), 408–9; Memo, March 25, 1942, PDDE, 1:205–7; Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope
(New York: Viking, 1965), 305–6; Stimson Diary (March 25, 1942), 417.

11.
FDR to WSC, April 1 and 3, 1942, Lowenstein et al.,
Correspondence
, 200, 202.

12.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 407–8.

13.
The estimates are from a report by Richmond Kelly Turner to the CCS, May 12, 1942, ComUSNavEu, Subject File, RG 313, box 9, NA. The Marshall quotation is from GCM to FDR, May 4, 1942, PDDE, 1:280.

14.
DDE to Sommerville, April 10, 1942, PDDE, 1:240; CCS minutes, April 28, 1942, ComUSNavEu, Subject Files, RG 313, box 9, NA.

15.
Marshall,
Interviews and Reminiscences
(October 5, 1956), 587. The “senior British officer” was Hastings “Pug” Ismay, who is quoted in Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 320.

16.
For details of the British planning, see Joseph L. Strange, “Cross Channel Attack, 1942: The British Rejection of Operation SLEDGEHAMMER and the Cherbourg Alternative,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, 1984, 146–210.

17.
Brooke Diary (April 9 and 15, 1942), 246, 249.

18.
GCM to FDR, May 4, 1942, PDDE, 1:280–81.

19.
Brooke Diary (April 9, 1942), 246.

20.
Ibid. (April 10, 1942), 287.

21.
Ibid. (April 13, 14, and 15, 1942), 247–49; GCM to McNarney, April 13, 1942, quoted in Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 318.

22.
WSC to FDR, April 17, 1942, Lowenstein et al.,
Correspondence
, 206–7; Brooke Diary (May 27, 1942), 261. See also Arthur Bryant,
The Turn of the Tide
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957), 287.

23.
FDR to WSC, April 22, 1942, Lowenstein et al.,
Correspondence
, 209.

24.
Eisenhower, Notes for Diary, May 5, 1942, PDDE, 1:282.

25.
“Memorandum of Conference Held at the White House,” May 30, 1942, in FRUS (1942), 3:575–77.

26.
Marshall’s remarks are from notes taken by Hopkins and are printed in Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 442. Italics added here to Roosevelt’s comment.

27.
“Memorandum of Conference,” May 30, 1942, FRUS (1942), 3:578–83.

28.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 454; Winston S. Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 341–42.

29.
FDR to WSC, May 31, 1942, Lowenstein et al.,
Correspondence
, 218.

30.
Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 312; Albert C. Wedemeyer,
Wedemeyer Reports!
(New York: Henry Holt, 1958), 109.

31.
Mountbatten’s report on the conversation is printed in Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 458–59; WSC to FDR, June 13, 1942, Lowenstein et al.,
Correspondence
, 220.

32.
Churchill,
Hinge of Fate
, 377.

33.
Marshall’s mood is from Stimson Diary (July 10, 1942), 424. Other quotations are from CCS minutes, June 19 and 20, 1942, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:422–26, 429–31, and from “Informal Meeting of Military Leaders,” June 19, 1941, in Ibid., 1:426–28.

34.
CCS minutes, June 20, 1942, FRUS (Special Conference Series), 1:430; Eisenhower notes, June 19, 1492 [
sic
], PDDE, 1:346–47; Thomas B. Buell,
Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1995), 223.

35.
Churchill,
Hinge of Fate
, 379, 381–82.

36.
Ibid., 382.

37.
Ibid., 382–83.

38.
Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 333.

39.
Brooke Diary (June 21, 1942), 268.

40.
Memorandum, June 21, 1942, FRUS (Special Conferences Series), 1:434–35; Churchill,
Hinge of Fate
, 385–86.

41.
Churchill,
Hinge of Fate
, 386.

42.
Marshall conceding the impracticality of Sledgehammer is in the CCS minutes for June 10, 1942, ComUSNavEu, Subject File, RG 313, box 9, NA; Churchill’s letter to Roosevelt, July 8, 1942, is in Lowenstein et al.,
Correspondence
, 222.

43.
Stimson Diary (July 10, 1942), 424; Pogue,
Ordeal and Hope
, 340. See also David L. Roll,
The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler
(New York: Oxford, 2013), 207–9.

44.
Marshall,
Interviews and Reminiscences
, 593 (October 5, 1956); FDR to Hopkins, Marshall, and King, July 16, 1942, in Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 471–73.

45.
Roll,
The Hopkins Touch
, 215.

46.
Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 476.

47.
Roll,
The Hopkins Touch
, 217–18; Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell,
Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
(Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1953), 278; Samuel Eliot Morison,
Operations in North African Waters
(New York: Little, Brown, 1947), 15.

48.
Roll,
The Hopkins Touch
, 218; Churchill’s astonishment is in DDE to GCM, September 21,1942, PDDE, 1:570. His comments to Stalin are in Churchill,
Hinge of Fate
, 478–83. FDR is quoted in Matloff and Snell,
Strategic Planning
, 282.

49.
DDE to Ismay, August 4, 1942, PDDE, 1:441; Matloff and Snell,
Strategic Planning
, 283.

Chapter 4: The Mediterranean Tar Baby

1.
DDE to GCM, June 26, July 29, and August 17, 1942, PDDE, 1:359–61, 425, 476. Eisenhower’s memorandum is dated July 17, 1942, and is in PDDE, 1:378–91. The quotation is from 189.

2.
On Eisenhower, see Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: Soldier and President
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), esp. 63–82, and Carlo D’Este,
Eisenhower, A Soldier’s Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002). For a more intimate assessment see John S. D. Eisenhower,
General Ike: A Personal Reminiscence
(New York: Free Press, 2003). It was Rear Admiral Morton Deyo who opined that Eisenhower’s smile was worth “twenty divisions.” The quotation is from Stephen Ambrose,
D-Day: June 6, 1944, The Climactic Battle of World War II
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 128. The Eisenhower quotation is from DDE, Notes for Diary, February 23, 1942, PDDE, 1:129.