Authors: James Booth
In July the Royal Society of Literature made Larkin a Companion of Literature. He agreed also to become an adviser to the committee revising the New English Bible, but the task was not congenial and he soon resigned.
38
In September 1978 Bruce Montgomery died. Latterly Montgomery had become an alcoholic and both Larkin and Amis had been embarrassed by his requests for loans. But Larkin was grateful for the part the confident, cosmopolitan young Montgomery had played in his early career. He wrote to Kingsley Amis on 19 September: ‘I wish I’d seen more of Bruce when he was still on top of things. Whatever one thought of his books, and his sense (sometimes) of what was funny or desirable, he was an original nobody else was the least like, don’t you think?’
39
As the year drew to its end Larkin succeeded in drafting a wan but deeply affecting poem, ‘The Winter Palace’. In ramshackle, sometimes double-rhymed couplets (‘older / shoulder; century / university’) starkly separated on the page, the poet gives a brutally reductive account of his life. His second quarter-century was spent losing what he had learnt at university, and he is now beginning to experience bouts of forgetfulness. He welcomes these ‘senior moments’ (as we would now call them), since they blank out awareness of the damage of age, providing a foretaste of oblivion: ‘Then there will be nothing I know. / My mind will fold into itself, like fields, like snow.’ The ‘palace’ of the title is another withdrawing room of the mind, ‘cleared of me’. But this thought now prompts weary resignation rather than awe or euphoria. His poetic spirits were so low that he failed to finalize the poem. The third and fourth lines, as printed in the 1988
Collected Poems
, have been crossed out in the typescript, and the alternative wording at the bottom of the page reaches no clear alternative.
40
Burnett consequently excludes the poem from
The
Complete Poems
, as unfinished.
An eloquent epitaph on Philip’s relationship with Maeve is provided by a Christmas card which he sent to her at the end of 1978. It falls into the ‘devout
and
beautiful’ category, showing a reproduction of a Botticelli Madonna. Following the conventional printed greeting he has written simply ‘and love / from / Philip’. The small size of the card (four inches square) made it useful as a bookmark and it survived in a well-fingered state in one of Maeve’s books.
41
She intensified its ‘devout’ aspect by copying out four lengthy inscriptions into the blank spaces, one of them relating to the Pope’s visit to Ireland in 1979: ‘By governing with fidelity those entrusted to his care may he, as successor to the Apostle Peter and vicar of Christ, build your church into a sacrament of unity, love and peace for all the world.’ Facing Philip’s inscription Maeve has written another prayer: ‘Father, we pray that the healing Power of your Sacraments may give us peace [. . .]’ There is something moving about the way the flowing strokes of Larkin’s fountain-pen are hemmed about on all sides by the neat ballpoint of Maeve’s piety. Underneath the second prayer she has copied out a couplet which appealed to her poetic taste: ‘I heard a bird sing in the dark of December. / A magical thing and sweet to remember.’
42
The fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the University’s Library fell on 8 March 1979. For the occasion Larkin wrote the delicate verse ‘New eyes each year’, and the Deputy Librarian Brenda Moon oversaw its printing in a limited edition on the Library’s recently purchased 1833 Albion press. Philip also wrote two more private poems for the occasion. On the inside cover of Brenda’s copy of ‘New eyes’, he addressed his deputy in ‘The daily things we do’. But the poem he wrote in Betty Mackereth’s copy, ‘New Brooms’, has a more intimate warmth:
New brooms sweep clean,
They say, and mean
Change and decay,
Things brushed away;
But for old rooms
Where life has been
And love seen,
Keep the old brooms.
The touching play on the familiar proverb gives this poem more feeling than the other two.
In March 1979 Larkin had seen a hedgehog several times in his Newland Park back garden, and had fed and taken photographs of it. Then on 10 June he wrote to Judy Egerton: ‘This has been rather a depressing day: killed a hedgehog when mowing the lawn, by accident of course. It’s upset me rather.’
43
With Betty the following morning he was less reticent. She recollects: ‘I could always tell what sort of day it was going to be from his mood when he came in. But this day it was different from anything. He just stood at the window of his office, looking out, and said: “I mowed the lawn last night; and I killed the hedgehog.” And the tears rolled down his face.’
44
The following day, 12 June 1979, he devoted a single page of workbook drafting to a poem, ‘The Hedgehog’, subsequently retitling it ‘The Mower’ and making one or two adjustments in the typescript.
45
The animal elegy goes back to Catullus’ poem on Lesbia’s sparrow, and there are familiar examples by William Cowper, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Matthew Arnold. Larkin’s contribution to the form is unique in its gravity. Rhyme is natural in this sentimental, relatively light genre, and the rhymelessness of Larkin’s poem sounds like a denial of consolation. The poem is also rendered verbally distinctive by one of Larkin’s unique ‘un-’ words: ‘I had mauled its unobtrusive world / Unmendably.’
The first day after a death, the new absence
Is always the same; we should be careful
Of each other, we should be kind
While there is still time.
Though this is a mere animal, its passing is registered as ‘a death’, as if it were a human being. ‘Next morning I got up and it did not’: the homespun idiom asserts common human and animal life-rhythms. Some readers may feel uneasy at this. Hedgehogs are nocturnal animals and do not ‘get up’ in the morning. Is this hedgehog perhaps a little too close to Mrs Tiggy-Winkle?
46
On 21–2 March, Larkin had attended the second meeting of the new Manuscripts Group of SCONUL in King’s College London, and delivered a version of his influential essay ‘A Neglected Responsibility’, warning of the threat of contemporary British poetic manuscripts being acquired by American libraries.
47
In a letter of 20 March 1979 Ted Hughes wrote to him asking him to join Charles Causley, Seamus Heaney and himself on the Arvon Foundation poetry competition prize panel. Hughes took the opportunity to tell Larkin that he had written him a fan letter on reading ‘Aubade’, though he had not sent it: ‘a really great poem – an event’.
48
Hughes’s admiration did not prevent Larkin from making his usual jokes to his friends when Hughes revisited Hull in August 1979 for another reading. A ‘Meet Ted Hughes’ reception was advertised at a cost of £4.50. Larkin wrote to Winifred: ‘Feel like walking up & down outside with a placard reading “Meet P.L. for £3.95”.’
49
What was to be Larkin’s last-completed major poem, ‘Love Again’, had been left unfinished in December 1975, at which time the first stanza and first two lines of the second had reached their final version. Larkin had already formulated the crucial twist of the argument, in which the speaker turns impatiently away from his sterile sexual jealousy: ‘But why put it into words?’ But the remainder of the second stanza needed to be finalized. His 1975 draft concluded with a vision of failure and mortality, as ‘fear-locked squalid pain’ spreads in ‘other lives’ and, in a moving final rhyme: ‘death comes easily as rain’.
50
But much slow and discontinuous drafting still lay ahead. In March 1976 and again, after nearly two years in December 1977, he had returned to the draft in the workbook, developing the image of the tree, which spreads harmoniously in other lives, in an echo of Yeats’s ‘Among School Children’.
51
Then on 15 August 1978, apparently prompted by the sight of Maeve at a party with her new partner, David Bassett, a lecturer in South East Asian Studies, Larkin began the final pages of drafting, copying out the poem again from the beginning each time. At the end of one draft he wrote: ‘21.9.78 RBM’s funeral’. After two months, on 25 October 1978, he had reached the final version of all but the last three lines, which were to provide the explanation of ‘why it never worked for me’. But here the poem faltered into inscrutably private references: ‘There would need to have been a great difference / A long way back, and the rewards / Might not have meant much personally [. . .]’
52
He left space on the page for the conclusion, and turned his attention in the workbook to ‘The Winter Palace’, ‘The Mower’ and a poem entitled ‘Letters to my mind’.
Then, as the inserted dates show, nearly a year later, on 20 September 1979, he turned back with inspired decisiveness to the final page of the 1978 draft and added the resonant conclusion:
Something to do with violence
A long way back, and wrong rewards,
And arrogant eternity.
The pattern remains as first conceived, with a Larkinesque modulation from irritable self-analysis to universal elegy. It also has a unique form, consisting of ababcb stanzas, linked together by the same c-rhyme: ‘afterwards / words / rewards’. But now it ends in a tone of eloquent magnanimity rather than elegiac resignation. The penultimate two lines rephrase ‘They fuck you up, your mum and dad’ with tragic gravity. But the ultimate reason why it never worked for the poet lies beyond the problems of his childhood, in his awareness of ‘arrogant eternity’. The earlier diminuendo ending, ‘And death comes easily as rain’, is replaced by a rhetorical cymbal clash. This is in some ways an atypical poem, written, as the halting drafting process shows, at a time when Larkin was forced to tend his inspiration carefully.
His next serious poem to be completed would have been ‘Letters to my mind’, which occupies five pages of the final workbook, ending on a page dated at the top ‘20.11.79’. The poet asks his mind: ‘Are you still on my side?’ He complains that it is not ‘friendly’ of his mind to be constantly replaying the ‘fool-film of me’, scalding him with humiliating recollections. What, he asks his mind, does it really want? Is it to be ‘folded cleanly’, ‘waiting emptily’ in a state of senile dementia? The draft falters into unpunctuated silence:
So that I know no more
Today – or even less –
Than when we first
The remainder of the page is blank.
53
Late in 1979, shortly after the publication of Barry Bloomfield’s bibliography, Larkin agreed to give two interviews intended to consolidate his public image. The first, with Miriam Gross of the
Observer
, appeared in November, and the second, with John Haffenden, appeared in the April/May 1980 issue of the
London Magazine
. Both are interviews in the loosest sense, since Larkin has clearly polished every phrase. The
Observer
piece, particularly, is packed with brittle and outrageous aphorisms as quotable as anything in Oscar Wilde. He dislikes public readings, he says, because ‘I don’t want to go around pretending to be me.’ But this very ‘interview’ is itself the most histrionic of self-impersonations. He proves his claim to be ‘quite funny’ with provocative aphorisms: ‘most people
are
unhappy, don’t you think?’; ‘you can’t write more than two hours a day and after that what do you do? Probably get into trouble.’ He gives an Amisian caricature of his early novelistic ambition: ‘I’d had visions of myself writing 500 words a day for six months, shoving the results off to a printer and going to live on the Côte d’Azur, uninterrupted except for the correction of proofs. It didn’t happen like that – very frustrating.’ He quotes his own line ‘Books are a load of crap’ as expressing one of those ‘sentiments to which every bosom returns an echo’, adding like an after-dinner speaker: ‘as Dr Johnson said’. Writing a poem makes him feel as if he’d ‘laid an egg’. In philistine mode, he tells his interviewer: ‘I read everything except philosophy, theology, economics, sociology, science, or anything to do with the wonders of nature, anything to do with technology – have I said politics? I’m trying to think of all the Dewey decimal classes.’ He would like to visit China, but only if he ‘could come back the same day’.