Polio Wars (108 page)

222.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Haverstock, May 17 1951.

223.
Kenny to Dear Friend [Lloyd Johnson], July 17 1951, James Henry, 1943–1951, MHS-K.

224.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Shur, April 27 1951; Kenny to Dear Mr. Haverstock, May 17 1951; Howard J. London To Dr. Van Riper Memorandum Re: Sister Kenny, May 3 1951, Public Relations, MOD-K.

225.
Kenny “Evidence Presented Concerning the Kenny Concept and Treatment of the Disease Infantile Paralysis,” [1951], Wilson Collection.

226.
“Sister Kenny Departs From L.A. For Polio Meeting”
Los Angeles Herald Express
August 23 1951; Kenny to Dear Friend [Laruelle], May 30 1951; [Cohn second interview with] Rosalind Russell, August 18 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

227.
“Sister Kenny Said To Be Incurably Ill”
New York Times
August 13 1951; “Nurse Who Ministered To Thousands, Now Ill”
Atlanta Daily World
August 14 1951; “Sister Kenny In Last U.S. Visit”
Atlanta Daily World
August 19 1951; “Sister Kenny, Incurably Ill, Arrives in L.A.”
Los Angeles Times
August 18 1951; “Sister Kenny Off to Parley”
Los Angeles Times
August 23 1951; “Returns to U.S.”
Chicago Daily Tribune
August 18 1951; “Sister Kenny Now in L.A.; Fights Pain”
Los Angeles Mirror
August 17 1951. Kenny's claim that she was dying and in great pain was squashed by John Sharpe, Rosalind Russell's personal physician, who reminded her that this way of dramatizing her story would scare many people who had Parkinson's, a disease which was “not as bad as she made it out to sound”; [Cohn interview with] Will O'Neill, [March 1955], Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

228.
Elizabeth Coulson “Sister Kenny Races Death to Finish Her Work”
Pasadena Star News
August 20 1951; “Sister Kenny Off to Parley”; “Sister Kenny, Facing Death, Flies To U.S.”
Santa Ana [California] Register
August 15 1951.

229.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Henry, October 4 1951, Henry Papers, MHS. She was accompanied by Miss Ella Vigar from Toowoomba; “Sister Kenny Here”
New York Times
August 23 1951.

230.
“Sister Kenny, Incurably Ill, Arrives in L.A.”; “Sister Kenny Off to Parley.”

231.
“Sister Kenny Writes Data for 3D Volume”
New York Times
August 24 1951.

232.
On the neglect of Enders' 1948 work see Aaron E. Klein
Trial By Fury: The Polio Vaccine Controversy
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972), 58.

233.
Spence “Poliomyelitis,” 304–305.

234.
“Polio Fund, in Debt, Seeking $50,000,000”
New York Times
November 14 1950.

235.
“Polio Experts Assemble”
New York Times
September 2 1951; “Doctors Told of New Promise in Polio Fight, Way Is Found to Inject Drug in Nerve Cells”
Washington Post
September 4 1951; “President Informed of Progress On Polio”
New York Times
September 27 1951;
Poliomyelitis: Papers and Discussions Presented at the Second International Poliomyelitis Conference
(Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1952).

236.
“Doctor To Discuss Polio-Like Virus”
New York Times
August 26 1951; “Rehabilitation Survey: Volunteer Worker Here to Study Methods in Europe”
New York Times
June 3 1951. A total of 150 physical therapists from 15 nations met to form a new World Confederation for Physical Therapy and Mildred Elson was elected as its first president; Howard A. Rusk “Major Gains Shown in Fight Against Infantile Paralysis”
New York Times
September 9 1951; “World Confederation for Physical Therapy”
Physical Therapy Review
(December 1951) 31: 525.

237.
“Polio Test Reported”
New York Times
September 6 1951.

238.
“Program: Second International Poliomyelitis Conference” September 2–7 1951, #1478, Series I, Box 74, Folder 1641, John Enders Papers, Yale University Library Manuscripts and Archives, New Haven; “Doctors Told of New Promise in Polio Fight, Way Is Found to Inject Drug in Nerve Cells”
Washington Post
September 4 1951; Howard A. Rusk “Major Gains Shown in Fight Against Infantile Paralysis”
New York Times
September 9 1951; W. C. Gibson “The Second International Poliomyelitis Conference: A Summary”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
(January 1952) 66: 69–71.

239.
“Polio Serum Forecast at World Session”
Washington Post
September 2 1951.

240.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Crosby, October 1 1951, George C. Crosby, 1945–1951, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. Kline, October 19 1951; “Move on Kenny Training Centre For Australia”
Toowoomba Chronicle
October 25 1951; Kenny
My Battle and Victory: History of the Discovery of Poliomyelitis as a Systemic Disease
(London: Robert Hale Limited, 1955), 104; Alexander
Maverick
, 185.

241.
John F. Enders to Dear Doctor Fryberg, February 27 1952, Series I, Box 73, Folder 1637, Enders Papers. Fryberg responded that his answer “confirms what I have told Sister Kenny: that her concept is not proven”; A. Fryberg to Dear Professor Enders, March 6 1952, Series I, Box 73, Folder 1637, Enders Papers; see also A. Fryberg to Dear Professor Enders, January 10 1952, Series I, Box 73, Folder 1637, Enders Papers. When interviewed several years later, Enders confirmed that he had talked to Kenny at the conference and that she had asked whether his paper proved her theory that polio was not strictly neurotropic but also attacked peripheral tissue. He had replied that his work certainly did not disprove her theories, but the fact that the virus grew in a test tube did not mean it grew this way in the human body. He may have added, he recalled, “you may be right, of course … there may be something along these lines”; [Cohn phone interview with] John Enders, March 28 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

242.
Richard Ulian “Sister Kenny Gets Sad Welcome on Final Visit”
Minneapolis Morning Tribune
September 17 1951. The house was sold by the city in July 1951.

243.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Crosby, October 1 1951.

244.
John F. Pohl
Cerebral Palsy
(Saint Paul: Bruce Publishing Company, 1950), 26–30; [Cohn interview with] William O'Neill, May 20 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. According to
O'Neill Pohl's estrangement from the Institute was the result of a battle with Huenkens over the use of respirators during the 1946 epidemic.

245.
There is no mention at all of this topic or Pohl's work in Kenny's final autobiography.

246.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Kline, October 19 1951.

247.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Crosby, October 1 1951; Herbert J. Levine
I Knew Sister Kenny: A Story of a Great Lady and Little People
(Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1954), 225, 229–230.

248.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Crosby, October 1 1951.

249.
Philip Sokol [counsel, Department of Welfare, City of New York] to Gentlemen [KF], July 24 1951, General Correspondence-G, MHS-K; Peter Gazzola to Marvin Stevens, August 24 1951, General Correspondence-G, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. Crosby, October 1 1951.

250.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Barnwell, November 18 1949, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K. She had claimed that “this soft soap had no effect.”

251.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Crosby, October 1 1951.

252.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Kline, October 4 1951; “Sister Kenny Departs By Air for Australia”
Washington Post
October 9 1951; “Sister Kenny in Southland for ‘Last Visit' ”
Los Angeles Mirror
September 27 1951.

253.
“Sister Kenny's Work ‘Not All Sadness' ”
Townsville Daily Bulletin
[November 1951], Wilson Collection.

254.
George Gallup “Sister Kenny Tops As Women's Ideal” [unnamed newspaper], January 1952, Wilson Collection. In February 1951 Kenny had been chosen second, below Eleanor Roosevelt; Kenny was followed by Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, Clare Luce, and Helen Keller; George Gallup “Nation Picks Mrs. Roosevelt As Woman Most Admired”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
February 4 1951.

255.
[Cohn interview with] Pete Gazzola, August 25 1953.

256.
“Sister Kenny Deserves to Be Included in Honours List”
Brisbane Courier-Mail
January 14 1952; “Sister Kenny Wants No Other Title”
Brisbane Courier-Mail
January 17 1952.

257.
Kenny “Doctors, I Salute You”
American Weekly
March 2 1952, 19.

258.
W. M. Hammon “Possibilities of Specific Prevention and Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
Pediatrics
(1950) 6: 696–705; “Utah Children Get Polio Serum Test”
New York Times
September 5 1951. Hammon's study of passive immunity to the polio virus was one of the first major double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials (Utah 1951, Houston and Sioux City, Iowa, 1952), which cost the NFIP $1 million; he presented the trial results at the American Public Health Association's annual meeting in Cleveland on October 22 1952; Charles R. Rinaldo, Jr. “Passive Immunization Against Poliomyelitis: The Hammon Gamma Globulin Field Trials, 1951–1953”
American Journal of Public Health
(2005) 95: 790–799; see also Stephen E. Mawdsley “Fighting Polio: Selling the Gamma Globulin Field Trials, 1950–1953” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2012).

259.
“Two Reports Show Polio Can Be Beaten”
Washington Post
April 16 1952; see also Paul
A History
, 387–388. Note that Horstmann had reported these results at the 1951 Copenhagen conference.

260.
Howard Blakeslee “Hope for Conquering Polio Seen; Scientists Find Its Origin in Blood”
New York Times
April 16 1952; “Prevention of the Crippling Form of Polio Believed Possible by Use of New Vaccine”
New York Times
April 16 1952.
JAMA
cautiously suggested the technique “may lead to the introduction of a successful chemotherapeutic agent;” “Immunization Against Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(May 17 1952) 149: 278–279.

261.
“Sister Kenny Upheld On Polio, Aide Insists”
New York Times
April 17 1952; “May Beat Polio by Vaccination”
Brisbane Courier-Mail
April 17 1952.

262.
“Sister Kenny On Polio Report”
Toowoomba Chronicle
April 18 1952.

263.
Kenny to Dear Sir [Earle Page], April 23 1952, Wilson Collection.

264.
Kenny to Dear Friends [Henry, Mintener, and Johnson], May 3 1952, Henry Papers, MHS.

265.
“Huntington Park Parade Honors Sister Kenny”
Los Angeles Times
May 11 1952; “Sister Kenny Returns to Aid Fight on Polio”
Los Angeles Times
May 10 1952; Amy Lindsey “A Welcome, A Surprise and A Television Review”
Kenny News
(May 1952) 2: 4–5; “Sister Kenny Flies East For More Medical Conferences”
Kenny News
(May 1952) 2: 1. So impressed was Kenny with this new technology that she hoped physicians would “record per medium of TV” her signs of early diagnosis; Kenny to Dear Dr. Payne, September 10 1952, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS. On the rising numbers of television stations and television sets during the late 1940s see Kathryn H. Fuller-Seeley “Learning to Live With Television: Technology, Gender, and America's Early TV Audiences” in Gary R. Edgerton ed.
The Columbia History of American Television
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 101–105.

266.
Kenny
Cause and Prevention of Deformities in Poliomyelitis: Presented to the Medical Staff of the Sister Kenny Polio Hospital, El Monte, California, Tuesday, May 20, 1952
, author's possession, 3–9, 11–14, 20–21, 26–28.

267.
Kenny to Dear Rosalind and Freddie [Russell and Brisson], June 26 1952, Rosalind Russell (Brisson), 1947–1952, MHS-K.

268.
On the 1952 polio epidemic see Julie Silver and Daniel Wilson
Polio Voices: An Oral History from the American Polio Epidemics and Worldwide Eradication Efforts
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007).

269.
“Sister Kenny Arrives Here, Plans to Rest”
Los Angeles Times
July 16 1952.

270.
[Cohn interview with] Ivar Anderson, May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

271.
Kenny
Poliomyelitis A Systemic Disease: Paper Read to the Advisory Medical Committee of the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation at the Sister Kenny Treatment Center Buffalo, New York, July 14, 1952,
Box 1, Minneapolis-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Judd Papers, MHS, 2–6, 9–14.

272.
Gil Fates
What's My Line? The Inside Story of TV's Most Famous Panel Show
(Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 221. Kenny was the mystery guest on June 29 1952, Episode #109.

273.
Jungeblut to Dear Miss Kenny, July 5 1952, Box 2, Ke-Kn, Jungeblut Papers, NLM; and see Kenny
Poliomyelitis A Systemic Disease
, 6–7.

274.
Kenny to Mesdames I. J. Fox and Albert Rosen, July 7 1952, General Correspondence-F, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Friends [Mrs. I. J. Fox and Albert Rosen], July 9 1952, General Correspondence-F, MHS-K.

275.
G. P. Mitchell “Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
British Medical Journal
(March 22 1952) 1: 649–650.

276.
Ethel Byrne and Alan T. Roberts “The Poliomyelitis Epidemic of 1950–1951 in the Newcastle Area”
Medical Journal of Australia
(July 5 1952) 2: 10–13; see also H.J. Seddon “Treatment in the Convalescent Stage”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(August 1951) 33: 458; John M. Duggan and Peter I. A. Hendry “Royal Newcastle Hospital: The Passing of an Icon”
Medical Journal of Australia
(2005) 183: 642–645; R. G. Evans “A Professor ‘Honorarius': An Australian Experiment in Medical Administration 1939–1964”
Health & History
(2003) 5: 115–138.