Polio Wars (52 page)

99.
Philip Stimson to Dear Dr. Zacharie, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.

100.
Deacon “The Treatment of Poliomyelitis in the Acute Stage,” 278–281; “New Infantile Paralysis Treatment Gets Approval”
Science News Letter
(December 13 1941) 40: 371.

101.
Yoder “Healer from the Outback,” 70.

102.
Gullickson in Sass with Gottfried and Sorem eds.
Polio's Legacy
, 47.

103.
Toinette Balkema to Dear Sister Kenny, November 10 1942, Technicians—Misc., undated and 1941–1949, MHS-K.

104.
Charles Bohnengel “An Evaluation of Psychobiologic Factors in the Re-Education Phase of the Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysis”
Psychosomatic Medicine
(1944) 6: 83–86.

105.
Richard H. Todd to Dear Sister, January 8 1945, District of Columbia-Misc., 1944–1946, MHS-K; Rita Fitzpatrick “Polio Stricken Nurse to Get Aid Of Sister Kenny”
Washington Times-Herald
January 31 1945.

106.
Fitzpatrick “Polio Stricken Nurse to Get Aid Of Sister Kenny.”

107.
William G. Holman to Dear Sister Kenny, March 23 1945, Case Files-Misc.: A-K, 1943–1946, MHS-K.

108.
Mrs. W. G. Holman to Dear Sister Kenny, [1945], Case Files-Misc.: A-K, 1943–1946, MHS-K.

109.
In Krusen's 1941 text he warned that polio patients usually within 2 years of fixed deformities must be relieved by an operation such as arthrodesis or tendon transplantation; Frank H. Krusen
Physical Medicine: The Employment of Physical Agents for Diagnosis and Therapy
(Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders, 1941), 595.

110.
Kenny “Preface” in Pohl and Kenny
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis
, 23. Typically, operations were tendon lengthening, ankle fusion, bone stapling, and muscle transplantation.

111.
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Renel, August 7 1944, Case Files-Misc. I-Z, 1943–1946, MHS-K.

112.
Pohl and Kenny,
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis
, 314.

113.
Howard W. Blakeslee [June 1944], Public Relations, MOD-K.

114.
Plastridge “Report,” 6–7.

115.
Kendall and Kendall, “Our Notes.”

116.
Henry O. Kendall, Florence P. Kendall and George E. Bennett “Normal Flexibility According to Age Groups”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(1948) 30: 690–694.

117.
Toomey “Observations on the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 5.

118.
H. Relton McCarroll [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.

119.
J. Albert Key [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.

120.
Kenny to Dear Dr. Ghormley, [March 5 1943], Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.

121.
Wilson
Living with Polio
, 77 [quoting Knapp (1953) J
ournal of Iowa State Medical Society
].

122.
Lawrence
Interrupted Melody
, 185, 189.

123.
Toomey “Observations on the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 5.

124.
Margaret Buell Wilder “Noted Nurse Gives Hope To Stricken”
Los Angeles Examiner
[March] 1943, Clippings, Box 5, MHS-K. For an example of Kenny as a model for some disabled veterans, see disabled servicemen gathered around Kenny when she came to a party at the Evalyn Walsh McLean's Friendship House in Washington, D.C., waiting their turn for an autograph; “Disabled Vets Meet Famed Sister Kenny”
Washington Times-Herald
May 7 1945.

125.
“Sister Kenny Tests Paralysis Methods”
New York Times
November 13 1943.

126.
Clara Hulberg [White Earth, North Dakota] to Dear Miss Kenny, April 13 1943, Board of Directors, MHS-K.

127.
[Drosten] A Layman's Report “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment.”

128.
Ruby M. Green [Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles] to Dear Sister Kenny, [October 1943], Los Angeles- Misc., 1942–1951, MHS-K.

129.
Wilson
Living with Polio
. For other examples of cruel nursing care see Judith Leavitt “ ‘Strange Young Women on Errands': Obstetric Nursing Between Two Worlds”
Nursing History Review
(1998) 6: 3–24; and Julie Fairman “Not All Nurses Are Good, Not All Doctors Are Bad …”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(Summer 2004) 78: 451–460. For other examples of sadistic health professionals see Beatrice Yvonne Nau and Ted Kellogg, quoted in Silver and Wilson
Polio Voices
, 46–47; see also Hugh Gregory Gallagher
Black Bird Fly Away: Disabled in an Able-bodied World
(Arlington: Vandamere Press, 1998) who recalled his experience in Bryn Mawr Hospital in 1952 and “the cruel, vicious, and inhumane manner” in which one of his physical therapists weaned him from the iron lung and stretched his muscles; she was “the only true sadist I have ever known,” 43–44.

130.
K. G. Hansson in “Discussion of Papers by Drs. John A. Toomey, Jessie Wright and Miland E. Knapp”
Archives of Physical Therapy
(November 1942) 23: 675.

131.
Bohnengel “An Evaluation of Psychobiologic Factors” 83–86; “Sister Kenny”
London Illustrated
[reprinted in]
Hospital Magazine
[Australia] (June 1943) 17, Wilson Collection.

132.
Sylvia M. Barker quoted in Silver and Wilson
Polio Voices
, 29.

133.
Milton H. Berry to My Dear Mr. President, January 22 1939, FDR-OF-1930, Infantile Paralysis 1934–1942, Box 1, FDR Papers.

134.
Richard Kovacs “Progress in Physical Medicine During the Past Twenty-Five Years”
Archives of Physical Medicine
(August 1946) 27: 473.

135.
Guy A. Caldwell “The Postwar Challenge to Orthopedic Surgery”
JAMA
(September 30 1944) 126: 270.

136.
Edward J. Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
(Los Angeles: Times-Mirror Press, 1925, 2nd. ed.), 25–33.

137.
A New Life: The Milton H. Berry School for Paralysis and Spastic Correction, Encino, California
(n.p., [c.1937]) [pamphlet enclosed in] Mrs. Nevada Gates [Baldwin Park, California] to FDR, February 8 1945, FDR-OF-1930, Box 2 (Infantile Paralysis 1943), Infantile Paralysis 1943–1945, FDR Papers [1-2, 6]; Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 7–10. For a brief discussion of Berry's work see Tony Gould
A Summer Plague: Polio and Its Survivors
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 95.

138.
[Advertisement] “Constipation: Banished Without Drugs, Diet or Exercise”
Los Angeles Times
July 10 1921; [Advertisement] “A School for Paralysis and Spastic Correction: Milton H. Berry School, Encino, California”
Los Angeles Times
January 2 1940;
A New Life
[2]; Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 7–10.

139.
A New Life
[3–4]; Milton H. Berry
A Challenge on Behalf of Crippled Children to the Universities of America: Victims of Infantile Paralysis Need Not Hospitals … But Muscle Training/Not Doctors.… But Trained Teachers
(Milton H. Berry Foundation, [1939]) [enclosed in] Milton H. Berry to My Dear Mr. President, January 22 1939, FDR-OF-1930, Infantile Paralysis 1934–1942, Box 1, FDR Papers;
A New Life
[2].

140.
Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 15, 34;
A New Life
[3, 5].

141.
Berry
A Challenge on Behalf of Crippled Children
;
A New Life
[2]; Berry to Doherty, October 19 1925, [letter reprinted in] Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 148.

142.
Berry to My Dear Mr. President, January 22 1939; O'Connor to My Dear Mr. President, June 27 1939, FDR-OF-1930, Infantile Paralysis 1934–1942, Box 1, FDR Papers.

143.
Berry to My Dear Mr. President, January 22 1939; Berry
A Challenge on Behalf of Crippled Children
.

144.
Berry
A Challenge on Behalf of Crippled Children
. His son Milton Jr. was supposedly studying medicine at the University of California; Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 10; Berry to Doherty, October 19 1925, letter reprinted in Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 146.

145.
Berry to My Dear Mr. President, January 22 1939; Berry
A Challenge on Behalf of Crippled Children
.

146.
Doherty
The Saint of Paralytics
, 98–99; Berry to My Dear Mr. President, January 22 1939.

147.
Rosemonde Rae Wright “A Great Humanitarian,” letter to the editor,
Los Angeles Times
December 12 1939.

148.
“Milton Berry Jr.”
New York Times
April 13 1954; Milton H. Berry and G. Stanley Gordon to Dear Sister Kenny, March 30 1944, Los Angeles-Misc., 1942–1951, MHS-K.

149.
Berry and Gordon to Dear Sister Kenny, March 30 1944.

150.
Peter Cusack to Basil O'Connor [telegram], June 15 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K.

151.
Margaret Stedman “There Are No Cripples in Wartime”
Hygeia
(October 1944) 22: 750–755.

152.
David Serlin
Replaceable You: Engineering the Body in Postwar America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 28–39; David Gerber “Anger and Affability: The Rise and Representation of a Repertory of Self-Presentation Skills in a World War II Disabled Veteran”
Journal of Social History
(Fall 1993) 27: 5–27.

153.
“Disabilities: Infantile Paralysis”
Lancet
(July 24 1948) 252: 155–157.

154.
Editorial “Physical Therapy and the Problem of Rehabilitation”
Archives of Physical Therapy
(May 1943) 24: 299–300.

155.
Howard A. Rusk “Convalescence and Rehabilitation” in Morris Fishbein ed.
Doctors at War
(New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1945), 303–318.

156.
“Toymakers”
National Foundation News
(May 1945) 4: 25, 28.

157.
Howard A. Rusk and Eugene J. Taylor
New Hope for the Handicapped: The Rehabilitation of the Disabled from Bed to Job
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946, 1949), 220. Howard A. Rusk (1937–1991), a member of the Army Air Force Corps, was chief of medical services at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri where he developed a convalescent training program that became a model program for the entire Army Air Force Corps. After the war he opened a medical practice with emphasis on rehabilitation in St. Louis, and then moved to New York City where he worked at Bellevue and Goldwater Hospitals to rehabilitate civilians, and directed the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of New York University and in 1950 the Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine at Bellevue Medical Center.

158.
William Dock “The Evil Sequelae of Complete Bed Rest”
JAMA
(August 19 1944) 125: 1083–1085; [abstract] John H. Powers “The Abuse of Rest as Therapeutic Measure in Surgery: Early Postoperative Activity and Rehabilitation”
JAMA
(August 19 1944) 125 in
Physiotherapy Review
(1944) 24: 217; Bernhard Newburger “Early Postoperative Walking: Collective Review”
Recent Advances in Surgery
(July 1943) 14: 142–154.

159.
“On Bed: Abuse of Rest”
Time
(September 11 1944) 44: 90; “Use and Abuse of Bed Rest”
New York State Journal of Medicine
(April 1 1944) 44: 724–730; Dock “The Evil Sequelae of Complete Bed Rest,” 1083–1085.

160.
K. G. Hansson “Physical Therapy in Wartime”
New England Journal of Medicine
(November 2 1944) 231: 619–620.

161.
“Infantile Paralysis [1847–1947]”
Hygeia
(June 1947) 25: 439.

162.
“The Disabled Can Be Independent”
Trained Nurse and Hospital Review
(August 1945) 115: 110–111.

163.
Fred J. Cook “Lead Belt Helps Polio Victim Walk”
New York World-Telegram
April 28 1948.

164.
Joseph G. Molner “The Kenny Method” [paper presented at] Post-Graduate Course in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, March 7 1946, Public Relations, MOD-K.

165.
C. E. Irwin “A Brief Resume of the Kenny Method of Treating Infantile Paralysis” [1947], European Trip 1947, MHS-K.

On disability history and politics in early to mid-twentieth-century U.S. see Emily K. Abel
Hearts of Wisdom: American Women Caring for Kin 1850—1940
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000); Edward D. Berkowitz
Disability Policy: America's Programs for the Handicapped
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Edward D. Berkowitz
Rehabilitation: The Federal Government's Response to Disability, 1935–1954
(New York: Arno Press, 1980); Helen Deutsch and Felicity Nussbaum eds.
‘Defects:' Engendering the Modern Body
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); David Gerber “Anger and Affability: The Rise and Representation of a Repertory of Self-Presentation Skills in a World War II Disabled Veteran”
Journal of Social History
(1993) 27: 5–27; Glenn Gritzer and Arnold Arluke
The Making of Rehabilitation: The Political Economy of Medical Specialization, 1890–1980
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Wendy Kline
Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics
from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001); Seth Koven “Remembering and Dismemberment: Crippled Children Wounded Soldiers, and the Great War in Great Britain”
American Historical Review
(1994) 99: 1167–1202; Paul K. Longmore and David Goldberger “The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History”
Journal of American History
(2000) 87: 888–922; Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umansky eds.
New Disability History: American Perspectives
(New York: New York University Press, 2001); David T. Mitchell and Sharon L. Snyder eds.
The Body and Physical Difference: Discourses of Disability
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Kim E. Nielsen
The Radical Lives of Helen Keller
(New York: New York University Press, 2004); Ruth O'Brien
Crippled Justice: The History of Modern Disability Policy in the Workplace
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); Martin Pernick,
The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of “Defective” Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures since 1915
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); David Serlin
Replaceable You: Engineering the Body in Postwar America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 28–39; Tom Shakespeare, Kath Gillespie-Sells, and Dominic Davies
The Sexual Politics of Disability: Untold Desires
(New York: Cassell, 1996); Joseph Shapiro
No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement
(New York: Times Books, 1993); Christopher R. Smit and Anthony Enns eds.
Screening Disability: Essays on Cinema and Disability
(Lanthan: University Press of American, 2001); Barbara Waxman and Anne Finger “The Politics of Sex and Disability”
Disability Studies Quarterly
(1989) 9: 1–5; Frieda Zames and Doris Zames Fleischer eds.
The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001).