Pythagoras: His Life and Teaching, a Compendium of Classical Sources

Pythagoras

His Life and Teachings

A C
OMPENDIUM OF
C
LASSICAL
S
OURCES

Thomas Stanley

(From the 1687 edition of
The History of Philosophy)

Preface by

M
ANLY
P. H
ALL

Introduction by

H
ENRY
L. D
RAKE

Edited by

J
AMES
W
ASSERMAN

With a Study of Greek and Latin Sources by

J. D
ANIEL
G
UNTHER

I
BIS
P
RESS
Lake Worth, FL

Published in 2010 by Ibis Press
An imprint of Nicolas-Hays, Inc.
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All rights reserved.
The main text of this book was written by Thomas Stanley
and first published in 1687 in
The History of Philosophy.
This modernized and expanded edition copyright © 2010 by James Wasserman
Preface by Manly P. Hall copyright © Philosophical Research Society.
Introduction by Dr. Henry L. Drake copyright © Philosophical Research Society.
Study of Greek and Latin Sources and all critical Greek and Latin materials
in the footnotes copyright © 2010 by J. Daniel Gunther.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Nicolas-Hays, Inc. Reviewers may quote brief passages.

First Edition 2010

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stanley, Thomas, 1625-1678.

Pythagoras : his life and teachings : a compendium of classical sources / by Thomas Stanley ; preface by Manly P. Hall ; introduction by Henry L. Drake; edited by James Wasserman ; with a study of Greek and Latin sources by J. Daniel Gunther.—1st ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-89254-160-7 (alk. paper)

1. Pythagoras and Pythagorean school. I. Wasserman, James, 1948– II. Title.
B243.S67 2010
182'.2-dc22

2010000399

ISBN 978-0-89254-160-7

Cover painting by Longhi, Pietro (1702-1785)
Photo Credit : Cameraphoto Arte, Venice / Art Resource, NY

Book design and production by Studio 31
www.studio31.com

Manufactured in the USA

C
ONTENTS

Foreword by James Wasserman and J. Daniel Gunther

Preface by Manly P. Hall

Introduction by Dr. Henry L. Drake

PART ONE: THE LIFE OF PYTHAGORAS

1. The Country, Parents, and Time of Pythagoras

2. His First Education and Masters

3. How He Traveled to Phoenicia

4. How He Traveled to Egypt

5. How He Went to Babylon

6. How He Returned to Samos

7. Travels to Delos, Delphi, Crete, and Sparta

8. How He Went to Olympia and Phlius

9. How He Lived at Samos

10. His Voyage to Italy

11. His Arrival at Crotona

12. His Oration to the Young Men

13. His Oration to the Senators

14. His Oration to the Boys

15. His Oration to the Women

16. His Institution of a Sect in Private and Public

17. His Authority in Civil Affairs

18. Wonders Related of Him

19. His Death

20. His Person and Virtues

21. His Wife, Children, and Servants

22. His Writings

23. His Disciples

24. The Succession of His School

PART TWO: DISCIPLINES AND DOCTRINES OF THE PYTHAGOREANS

1. The Great Authority and Esteem of Pythagoras

2. The Two Sorts of Auditors

3. Purificative Institution by Sufferings

4. Silence

5. Abstinence, Temperance, and Other Ways of Purification

6. Community of Estates

7. Admission or Rejection

8. Distinction

9. How They Disposed the Day

10. How They Examined Their Actions

11. Secrecy

PART THREE: THE DOCTRINE OF PYTHAGORAS

Section I. Mathematical Sciences

The Mathematical Sciences Preparative to Philosophy

Arithmetic

1. Number Its Kinds: Intellectual

2. The Other Kind of Number: Sciential

3. The Two Kinds of Sciential Number

4. Symbolic Numbers

5. The Monad

6. The Duad

7. The Triad

8. The Tetrad

9. The Pentad

10. The Hexad

11. The Heptad

12. The Ogdoad

13. The Ennead

14. The Decad

15. Divination by Numbers

Music

1. Voice, Its Kinds

2. First Music in the Planets

3. The Octochord

4. The Arithmetical Proportions of Harmony

5. The Division of the Diapason

6. The Cannon of the Monochord

7. Institution by Music

8. Medicine by Music

Geometry

1. Of a Point, Line, Superficies and Solid

2. Propositions

3. How He Determined the Stature of Hercules

Astronomy

1. The System of the Spheres

2. The Motions of the Planets

3. The Intervals and Harmony of the Spheres

4. Of the Planet Venus

Section II: Philosophy

Philosophy: Its Name, Definition, Parts, Method

Practical Philosophy: Its Parts; and First of Education

1. Institution, Silence, Abstinence

2. Fortitude

3. Temperance and Continence

4. Sagacity and Wisdom

Of Politics: The Other Part of Practical Philosophy

1. Common Conversation

2. Friendship

3. Worship of the Gods

4. Piety to the Dead

5. Reverence of Parents, and Obedience to the Law

6. Lawmaking

Theoretical Philosophy: Its Parts

1. Of the Supreme God

2. Of Gods, Daemons, Heroes

3. Of Fate and Fortune

4. Divination

Physic

1. Principles

2. Of the World

3. Of the Superior or Aetherial Parts of the World

Of the Sublunary Parts of the World

1. Of Living, and Animate Creatures

2. Of the Generation of Animate Creatures

3. The Soul: Its Parts, and First of the Irrational Part

4. Of the Rational Part of the Soul: The Mind

5. Of the Transmigration of the Soul

6. The Separate Life of the Soul

Medicine

1. Dietetics

2. Therapeutic

Section III. Symbols

1. Pythagoras: His Symbolic Way of Teaching

2. The Symbols of Pythagoras According to Iamblichus

3. Explication of the Pythagorean Symbols by Iamblichus

4. The Same Symbols Explained by Others

5. Other Symbols

6. The Golden Verses of Pythagoras

PART FOUR: PYTHAGOREAN COMMENTATORS

Of the Soul of the World by Timaeus the Locrian

The Doctrine of Pythagoras by John Reuchlin

1. Of Pythagoras: His Way of Teaching,

2. The Triple Word

3. The Supreme World

4. The Intelligible World

5. The Sensible World

6. The State of the Soul after Death

7. Of the Pythagorean Transmigration

Glossary

Endnotes

Additional Notes to the Text by J. Daniel Gunther

Bibliography

F
OREWORD

J
AMES
W
ASSERMAN AND
J. D
ANIEL
G
UNTHER

T
he book you are holding is the work of Thomas Stanley (1625-1678), as published in 1687. It consists of the long section he devoted to Pythagoras in his masterful and massive tome
The History of Philosophy.
The timeless brilliance of Stanley's work is that it presented a survey of the classical writers of antiquity that remains as contemporary today as it was over three hundred years ago.

A biographical sketch of the author is given by Manly Palmer Hall in the Preface, along with a profound overview of Pythagorean philosophy by Dr. Henry L. Drake in the Introduction. Manly P. Hall (1901-1990) founded the Philosophical Research Society in 1934. He was a prolific author and lecturer, and remains a primary exponent of the Mystery Traditions in Western culture, especially because of his inspiring and comprehensive magnum opus,
The Secret Teachings of All Ages.
Dr. Drake (1906-1978), a close and loyal friend of Mr. Hall, served as vice-president of the Society for nearly three decades, in addition to editing a collection of Plato's complete works. In 1970, the Philosophical Research Society produced a facsimile edition of Stanley's work on Pythagoras in a limited printing of 2000 copies. The Society has kindly allowed us to include Mr. Hall's Preface and Dr. Drake's Introduction to that facsimile. Our thanks to Paul Austad and the members of the Copyright Committee for their generosity.

We have reset the text from the 1687 edition of
The History of Philosophy
to make it more accessible to the modern reader. We have generally regularized spelling, replaced obsolete words that may not be found in a modern dictionary, and used contemporary conventions of punctuation. At the same time, we have endeavored to leave as much of Stanley's expression intact as possible. The reader will do well to allow the archaic tone of the language to become both familiar and pleasant; its pacing seems to call forth a contemplative state of mind. The editing has been done “silently” because of the extent of the work involved. Here is a representative sample of the original book that you may compare with the typeset text on
page 122
. Thanks to Yvonne Weiser of Ibis Press for helping to define and clarify this task, thereby making it possible.

We have also attempted to correct and contextualize the extensive Greek language references throughout the text. Thomas Stanley wrote at a time when it was expected that the average reader had been schooled in Latin and Greek, with a well-rounded knowledge of the classics. Not surprisingly therefore, he made numerous references in Greek; often just a single word for clarification; at other times, phrases and sentences with only brief abbreviations noting the source. To complicate matters, the Greek typeface of Stanley's day was quite different from that employed today, as may be seen from the sample page provided. It was a florid script that incorporated a number of “abbreviations” representing various letter combinations that could potentially increment the standard Greek alphabet set by a great many additional characters. These characters are no longer used today, and to a student accustomed only to modern Greek typefaces, even though such texts are visually striking, they are virtually unreadable.

The initial task was to regularize the Greek references to the convention of a modern Greek typeface in order to make them accessible. Each quotation was then verified with the source document in Greek. Even so, it quickly became apparent that Stanley's copious references would present an enormous challenge to the reader without some sense of context. His knowledge was encyclopedic, encompassing not only the masters of Greek philosophy, mathematics, music, poetry, geography and history, but the Patristic literature as well. Therefore, many of these references are discussed in the annotated appendix with additional material incorporated to clarify the meaning or context of the original quote. A complete bibliography has been included, detailing all the reference works utilized.

We have included a small Glossary with a number of terms, especially those from musical theory which may be unfamiliar to the non-technical reader. In such cases, the first occurrence of the word is presented in bold type to indicate that it may be found in the Glossary. Certain other words are included as well for the reader's convenience. Comments in editorial brackets are ours, while those in parenthesis are by Stanley. We have tried to retain as much of Stanley's original organization of the text as practical. Because of the large number of chapters and various divisions of his original, we have decided to number the extensive endnotes sequentially for clarity. While we have spared no effort in trying to understand and clarify as much of the text as possible, some of Stanley's original work was not clear to either of us.

For the reader in search of the next step in the study of Pythagoras, we recommend two books from Phanes Press:
The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library
, compiled and translated by Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie, edited and introduced by David Fideler. It includes many of the texts to which Stanley refers.
The Manual of Harmonics of Nicomachus the Pythagorean
, translation and commentary by Flora R. Levin, will help to clarify the complex musical material Stanley presents.

This project would not have been possible without the diligent efforts of Wileda Wasserman, who meticulously and painstakingly typed the manuscript from which all further production advanced. Nicole Laliberte cheerfully persisted through untold hours of out-loud proofreading sessions to insure the most accurate reconstruction of Stanley's text. Thanks to Julia and Daniel Pineda for their help in proofreading the finished manuscript, to Mike Estell for his assistance with Greek and Latin sources, and to Dennis Deem for communicating the principles of geometric drawing so many years ago. Special thanks to David L. Vagi, author of
Coinage and History of the Roman Empire
, for sourcing photos and writing captions for the ancient Greek coins that grace these pages, and for his help with the map (whose place names, for the most part, reflect Stanley's spelling). Thanks also to Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. and Numismatica Ars Classica for permission to reproduce their images of the coins.

Walking in the company of such giants as Pythagoras, Thomas Stanley, Manly Hall, and Henry Drake has been a great honor for both of us.