7 J. Trinkaus, “Wearing Baseball-Type Caps: An Informal Look,” Psychological Reports 74, no. 2 (1994): 585-586.
8 R. B. Cialdini and D. A. Schroeder, “Increasing Compliance by Legitimizing Paltry Contributions: When Even a Penny Helps,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976): 599-604.
9 R. A. Craddick, “Size of Santa Claus Drawings as a Function of Time Before and After Christmas,” Journal of Psychological Studies 12 (1961): 121-125.
CHAPTER 1
1 G. Dean, A. Mather, and I. W. Kelly, “Astrology,” in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal, ed. G. Stein, 47-99 (Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books, 1996).
2 D. T. Regan, For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1988); J. Quigley, What Does Joan Say? My Seven Years as White House Astrologer to Nancy and Ronald Reagan (New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1990).
3 J. Chapman, “How a Girl of Four Trounced a Top Investor and a Stargazer at Playing the Stock Market,” Daily Mail (London), March 21, 2001, 2-3.
4 M. Nichols, “An Investor, an Astrologer, and a Girl, 4, Played the Market. Guess Who Won?” Scotsman (Edinburgh), March 24, 2001, 5.
5 T. Teeman, “Girl Shows Money Game Is Child’s Play,” Times (London), March 24, 2001.
6 G. Rollings, “Mcnuggets of Wisdom from the Shares Ace Aged Four,” Sun (London), March 24, 2001, 50.
8 T. Utton, “Girl of Five Beats the Stock Market Experts (Again),” Daily Mail (London), March 14, 2002, 43.
9 J. Mayo, O. White, and H. J. Eysenck, “An Empirical Study of the Relation Between Astrological Factors and Personality,” Journal of Social Psychology 105 (1978): 229-236.
11 H. J. Eysenck and D.K.B. Nias, Astrology: Science or Superstition? (London: Pelican, 1988).
12 H. B. Gibson, Hans Eysenck: The Man and His Work (London: Peter Owen, 1981), 210.
13 G. Jahoda, “A Note on Ashanti Names and Their Relationship to Personality,” British Journal of Psychology 45 (1954): 192-195.
14 M. Gauquelin, Dreams and Illusions of Astrology (London: Glover & Blair, 1979).
15 G. Dean and I. W. Kelly, “Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 10, nos. 6-7 (2003): 175-198.
16 For an overview of this work, see Dean, Mather, and Kelly, “Astrology,” 47-99.
17 V. Muhrer, “Astrology on Death Row!” Indian Skeptic 11 (1989): 13-19.
18 B. R. Forer, “The Fallacy of Personal Validation: A Classroom Demonstration of Gullibility,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 44 (1949): 118-121.
19 P. E. Meehl, “Wanted—A Good Cookbook,” American Psychologist 11 (1956): 263-272.
20 D. H. Dickson and I. W. Kelly, “The ‘Barnum Effect’ in Personality Assessment: A Review of the Literature,” Psychological Reports 57 (1985): 367-382.
22 S. J. Blackmore, “Probability Misjudgment and Belief in the Paranormal: A Newspaper Survey,” British Journal of Psychology 88 (1997): 683-689.
23 M. Hamilton, “Who Believes in Astrology? Effects of Favorable-ness of Astrology Derived Personality Descriptions on Acceptance of Astrology,” Personality and Individual Differences 31 (2001): 895-902.
24 M. Siffre, Beyond Time (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
25 S. S. Campbell and P. J. Murphy, “Extraocular Circadian Photo-transduction in Humans,” Science (1998): 279, 396. This finding has been challenged in the following paper: K. P. Wright and C. A. Czeisler, “Absence of Circadian Phase Resetting in Response to Bright Light Behind the Knees,” Science (2002): 297, 571.
26 A. Dudink, “Birth Date and Sporting Success,” Nature (1994): 368, 592.
27 R. H. Barnsley, A. H. Thompson, and P. E. Barnsley, “Hockey Success and Birthdate: The Relative Age Effect,” Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Journal 51 (1985): 23-28; S. Edwards, letter to the editor, Nature 370 (1994): 186; J. Musch and R. Hay, “The Relative Age Effect in Soccer: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Systematic Discrimination Against Children Born Late in the Competition Year,” Sociology of Sport Journal 16 (1999): 54-64; A. H. Thompson, R. H. Barnsley, and G. Stebelsky, “Born to Play Ball: The Relative Age Effect and Major League Baseball,” Sociology of Sport Journal 8 (1991): 146-151.
28 This work is summarized in R. Wiseman, The Luck Factor (London: Random House, 2004).
29 J. Chotai and R. Wiseman, “Born Lucky? The Relationship Between Feeling Lucky and Month of Birth,” Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005): 1451-1460.
30 J. Chotai et al., “Season of Birth Variations in the Temperament and Character Inventory of Personality in a General Population,” Neuropsychobiology 44 (2001): 19-26.
31 S. Dickert-Conlin and A. Chandra, “Taxes and the Timing of Births,” Journal of Political Economy 107, no. 1 (1999): 161-177.
32 A. A. Harrison, N. J. Struthers, and M. Moore, “On the Conjunction of National Holidays and Reported Birthdates: One More Path to Reflected Glory?” Social Psychology Quarterly 51, no. 4 (1988): 365-370.
34 For a readable introduction to this controversy, see G. Dean, “Is the Mars Effect a Social Effect? A Re-analysis of the Gauquelin Data Suggests That Hitherto Baffling Planetary Effects May Be Simple Social Effects in Disguise,” Skeptical Inquirer 26, no. 3 (2002): 33-38; S. Ertel, “The Mars Effect Cannot Be Pinned on Cheating Parents—Follow-Up,” Skeptical Inquirer 27, no. 1 (2003): 57-58; G. Dean, “Response to Ertel,” Skeptical Inquirer 27, no. 1 (2003): 59-60, 65.
35 D. P. Phillips and D. G. Smith, “Postponement of Death Until Symbolically Meaningful Occasions,” Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 1947-1951.
36 D. P. Phillips, C. A. Van Voorhees, and T. E. Ruth, “The Birthday: Lifeline or Deadline?” Psychosomatic Medicine 54 (1992): 532-542.
37 For a review of this data and debate, see J. A. Skala and K. E. Freedland, “Death Takes a Raincheck,” Psychosomatic Medicine 66 (2004): 382-386.
38 S. A. Everson et al., “Hopelessness and Risk of Mortality and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Cancer,” Psychosomatic Medicine 58 (1996): 113-121.
39 W. Kopczuk and J. Slemrod, “Dying to Save Taxes: Evidence from Estate-Tax Returns on the Death Elasticity,” Review of Economics and Statistics 85, no. 2 (2003): 256-265.
CHAPTER 2
1 M. D. Morris, “Large Scale Deceit: Deception by Captive Elephants?” in Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit, ed. R. W. Mitchell and N. S. Thompson, 183-192 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986).
2 Information about Koko and Michael can be found at www.koko.org .
3 A full transcript of this conversation is available at www.koko.org/world/talk_aol.html . OnlineHost content: Copyright 1998-2006 AOL LLC. Used with permission.
4 H. L. Miles, “How Can I Tell a Lie? Apes, Language, and the Problems of Deception,” in Mitchell and Thompson, Deception, 245-266.
5 M. Lewis, “The Development of Deception,” in Lying and Deception in Everyday Life, ed. M. Lewis and C. Saarni, 90-105 (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993).
6 P. Ekman, Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985).
7 R. Highfield, “How Age Affects the Way We Lie,” Daily Telegraph (London), March 25, 1994, 26.
8 This work is reviewed in A. Vrij, Detecting Lies and Deceit (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
9 R. G. Hass, “Perspective-Taking and Self-Awareness: Drawing an E on Your Forehead,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 788-798.
10 R. Wiseman, “The Megalab Truth Test,” Nature (1995): 373, 391.
11 This work is reviewed in Vrij, Detecting Lies and Deceit.
12 Cited in B. M. DePaulo and W. L. Morris, “Discerning Lies from Truths: Behavioural Cues to Deception and the Indirect Pathway of Intuition,” in The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts, ed. P. A. Granhag and L. A. Stromwall, 15-40 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
13 P. Ekman and M. O’Sullivan, “Who Can Catch a Liar?” American Psychologist 46, no. 9 (1991): 913-920.
14 The Global Deception Research Team, “A World of Lies,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 37, no. 1 (2006): 60-74.
15 This work is reviewed in Vrij, Detecting Lies and Deceit, and in DePaulo and Morris, “Discerning Lies from Truths,” 15-40.
16 G. Littlepage and T. Pineault, “Verbal, Facial, and Paralinguistic Cues to the Detection of Truth and Lying,” Personality and Social Psychology 4, no. 3 (1978): 461-464.
17 R. E. Kraut and R. E. Johnston, “Social and Emotional Messages of Smiling: An Ethological Approach,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1539-1553.
18 The photographs used in this study were originally taken for a similar online experiment carried out in collaboration with the Edinburgh International Science Festival.
19 C. Landis, “Studies of Emotional Reactions: II. General Behavior and Facial Expression,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 4 (1924): 447-509.
20 M. S. Livingstone, “Is It Warm? Is It Real? Or Just Low Spatial Frequency?” Science 290 (2000): 1299.
21 A. Parent, “Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation,” Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 31 (2004): 576-584.
22 G. T. Crook, The Complete Newgate Calendar, vol. 4 (London: The Navarre Society, 1926).
23 “Horrible Phenomena!—Galvanism,” Scotsman (Edinburgh) , February 11, 1819.
24 G. B. Duchenne de Boulogne, The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression (1862; reprint, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
25 P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, The Facial Action Coding System (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978).