Authors: Anne Nelson
17
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 286.
18
. Memorandum from Merle Cochran to Secretary Morgenthau, May 8, 1941.
19
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 276.
20
. Ibid., p. 279.
21
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 285.
22
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 280.
23
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 287.
24
. Ibid., p. 286; Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 34.
25
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 284–285. Carl von Ossietsky (1889–1938) was a pacifist journalist who was one of the earliest of the Nazis' public critics. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize as a concentration camp inmate, and died shortly after.
26
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 100.
27
. Ibid.
28
. Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 133; Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 131. Schumacher was in the Third Company of Battalion 662.
29
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
pp. 84–85; Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 336.
30
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 336.
31
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 166.
32
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 245.
33
. Ibid., p. 277.
34
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 101.
35
. Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 137.
36
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 101.
37
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 336; and Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 137.
38
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. xv.
39
. Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
pp. 485–487, 492.
40
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 163.
41
. Ibid.
42
. Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin,
p. 792.
43
. Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
p. 492.
44
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 259.
45
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 290–291.
46
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 435. The three were Rose Schlösinger, Karl Behrens,
and Leo Skrzypczynski. The three individuals were from varied political backgrounds, and met and joined the group through Mildred Harnack's night-school classes.
47
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 290.
48
. Ibid.
49
. Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 137. See also Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 290.
50
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
pp. 84–85. Author interview with Hans Coppi, November 21, 2007, GDW archive.
1
. John H. Waller,
The Unseen War in Europe,
p. 198.
2
. Joseph Persico,
Roosevelt's Secret War,
pp. 98–99.
3
. Roessler headed the Deutsches Bühnen-Volksbundes, or German theater association, under the administration of the Prussian Ministry of Culture, then run by Adam Kuckhoff's friend Adolf Grimme. Roessler's publications quoted Kuckhoff extensively. See Gaetano Biccari,
“Zuflucht des Geistes?”: Konservativ-revolutionäre, faschistische und nationalsozialistische,
p. 65.
4
. Roessler survived the war but took the identities of his military contacts to the grave. Intelligence files reveal nothing more than code names and ranks in the Germany army and air force. At least one Swiss military historian, Hans Rudolf Kurz, explored the possibility that Harro Schulze-Boysen was one of Roessler's sources, pointing to Roessler's 1941 publication of
The War Scenario and the Conditions for the War's Conduct,
written under the pseudonym “R. A. Hermes.” Kurz suggested that the book corresponded to Harro's areas of military expertise and echoed Harro's idiosyncratic theory of revolutionary antifascist activity. See R. A. Hermes,
Die Kriegesschauplatze und die Bedingungen der Kriegführung
(Lucerne: Vita-Nova-Verlag, 1941); Hans Rudolf Kurz,
Nachrichten Zentrum Schweiz: Die Schweiz im Nachrichtendienst des zweiten Weltkriegs,
pp. 39–40. Gilles Perrault, the French author of
The Red Orchestra,
discounted the idea of Harro as Hermes, as does German expert Hans Coppi.
5
. Persico,
Roosevelt's Secret War,
p. 101.
6
. Once the Soviet Union was conquered, Hitler planned to turn his attention back to the conquest of Great Britain. The Nazis drew up an “enemies list” of 2,300 Britons slated for arrest or execution under German occupation. Most were Jews. Others included Virginia Woolf, E. M. Forster, and Noël Coward. See
The Independent,
March 3, 2000.
7
. The Nazis argued that they were not legally obliged to offer Soviet prisoners humane treatment, because the USSR had not ratified the 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, or made a commitment to the 1907 Hague Convention on the Rules of War.
Seehttp://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007183
.
8
. Hitler's
Kommissarbefehl,
issued June 6, 1941, was canceled on May 6, 1942, on the grounds that it backfired by giving the Soviets a greater will to resist.
9
. Some thirty thousand Wehrmacht soldiers were executed by the notorious military courts over the course of the war, for offenses that included helping Jews, criticizing the regime, and desertion. See “Germany Considers Rehabilitating Soldiers Executed for Treason,” Spiegel Online, June 29, 2007.
10
. See postwar indictment,
http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/trials/fsix.html
.
11
. The arrest orders instructed the police to target “well-off Jews,” and many Jewish prisoners were released in return for ransom payments.
12
. Author interview with Hans Coppi, November 22, 2007, GDW. See also
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007183
.
13
.
http://www.chgs.umn.edu/Visual_Artistic_Resources/Public_Holocaust_Memorials/Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Ca/Introduction_Sachsenhausen_/introduction_sachsenhausen_.html
.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007183
.
14
. See George Rosenthal, “The Evolution of Tattooing in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Complex,”
http://www.chgs.umn.edu/Educational_Resources/Curriculum/Auschwitz_Tattooing/auschwitz_tattooing.html
.
15
. See
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007183
. See also Mark Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference,
p. 42.
16
.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007178
.
17
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 275.
18
. Howard K. Smith, “Berlin: Autumn 1941,”
Reporting World War II: Part I,
Library of America, 1995, p. 226.
19
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 120. Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
pp. 42–43.
20
. Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
pp. 42–43.
21
. Kuttner's mother was murdered at Auschwitz, but she and her brother survived and emigrated to Queens. Affadavit, Annemarie Klimmeck nee Kuttner, October 16, 1963 (Roloff papers). Interviews with Roloff family. See also Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
pp. 49ff.
22
. Interview published in Norbert Molkenbur and Klaus Hörhold,
Oda Schottmüller: Tänzerin, Bildhauerin Antifaschistin, Eine Dokumentation,
pp. 44–46.
23
. See also Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 90.
24
. Tim van Beek, quoted in Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle.
25
. See John Michalczyk,
Resisters, Rescuers, and Refugees,
pp. 72–74.
26
. Author interview with Katja Casella Meirowsky, Pankow, November 18, 2007.
27
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 193.
28
. Only one copy of one issue, number fifteen, has survived. See
http://www.gdw-berlin.de/b17/b17-2-flug-e.php
.
29
. James Edward Young,
Texture of Memory,
p. 42.
30
. The Zwangsarbeiter Memorial at Hermannstrasse, Neukölln.
31
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 259.
32
. Ibid.
33
. Leopold Trepper,
The Great Game,
p. 102.
34
. Ibid., p. 140.
35
. Ibid., p. 97.
36
. Suzanne Spaak's husband collected the work of René Magritte, who painted an exquisite portrait of her in 1936. Spaak was arrested by the Germans in connection with her work for Trepper and murdered in 1944, thirteen days before the liberation of Paris.
37
. Trepper,
The Great Game,
p. 134.
38
. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
39
. Ibid., p. 147.
40
. Ibid., p. 139.
41
. Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 135.
42
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
pp. 306–307.
43
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 311.
44
. Ibid., pp. 308–309.
45
. This was the “Arier Group,” which included journalist and KPD member Ilse Stöbe, who had been working for Soviet intelligence since 1929. Her group also had difficulty maintaining contact with Moscow after the invasion. See Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 86.
46
. Trepper,
The Great Game,
p. 132.
47
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
pp. 308–310.
48
. Ibid., p. 312.
49
. Richard Breitman,
Official Secrets,
p. 241.
50
. Ibid., p. 104.
51
. Ian Kershaw,
Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis,
p. 453.
52
. Ibid., p. 442.
53
. Ibid.
54
. Waller,
The Unseen War in Europe,
p. 211.
55
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 342.
56
. Ibid., p. 343.
57
. Ibid., p. 344.
58
. George Kennan,
Memoirs,
pp. 136–137. George Kennan, serving as a kind of internment camp counselor, irritably noted that his colleagues spent their time complaining about their food allotments, which were based on German civilian rations.
59
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
pp. 158, 160.
60
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 297.
61
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 304.
62
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 345.
63
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 314–318. For passage on Inge-borg Engelsing visiting, see Ingeborg Malek-Kohler,
Im Windschatten des Drit-ten Reiches,
p. 215.
1
. See “UFA Kulturfilm,” German Film Institute, Frankfurt,
www.filmportal.de
.
2
. Hans Coppi and Johannes Tuchel,
Libertas Schulze-Boysen und die Rote Kapelle,
p. 14.
3
. Ibid., pp. 14–16. See also Heinz Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 178.
4
. Ingeborg Malek-Kohler,
Im Windschatten des Dritten Reiches,
p. 211. Baarova did disappear, until she was rediscovered decades later by Fassbinder and cast in
The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant.
5
. Ibid.
,
p. 168.
6
. Ibid., p. 143.
7
. Ibid., p. 210.
8
. Morgan died in 1938 and Grünbaum died in January 1941.
9
.
Time
magazine, March 9, 1942.
10
. See entry on Gottschalk and German film at
http://www.umass.edu/defa/filmtour/sjmarriage.shtml
.
11
. Malek-Kohler,
Im Windschatten des Dritlen Reiches,
p. 163. They included Erich Ziegler, Paul Henckels, and Theo Lingen.
12
. Ibid.
13
. Ibid., p. 162.
14
. Anthony Bevor,
The Mystery of Olga Chekhova,
p. 152.
15
. Heinz Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 171.
16
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 157–158.
17
. Christopher Browning and Jürgen Matthaus,
The Origins of the Final Solution,
p. 410.
18
. Mark Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution,
p. 149.
19
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 309–310.
20
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 299.
21
. Allen Dulles,
Germany's Underground,
p. 73. It is unknown how much the Schulze-Boysens and Canaris/Dohnanyi group knew of each others' parallel archival efforts. There were several figures, including Albrecht Haushofer, a professor of geopolitics, and Werner von Trott, who moved between the two circles. Canaris's diary was captured by the Gestapo and reportedly destroyed.