Authors: Anne Nelson
22
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 437.
23
. “Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk!” pamphlet from the GDW archive, winter 1941–42.
24
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andressen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 349.
25
. Interview with Helmut Roloff, “The Red Orchestra” (documentary).
26
. Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 70.
27
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 350.
1
. Interview with Sophie Sieg, John Sieg papers, GDW archive.
2
. Interview with Max Grabowski, February 8, 1967. GDW archive.
3
. Author interview with Hans Coppi, November 2007.
4
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 315–317.
5
. Ibid., p. 307.
6
. Richard Breitman,
Official Secrets,
p. 48.
7
. Ibid., pp. 92, 98.
8
. Ibid., p. 54.
9
. Ibid., p. 48.
10
. Ibid., p. 111.
11
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 299.
12
. See Beatrix Herlemann,
Auf verlornenem Posten: Kommunistischer Widerstand im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Die Knöchel Organisation,
p. 44, 64 and 104. See also
Der Friedenskämpfer, Sonderausga.be Juni 1942,
from the GDW archive.
13
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 103.
14
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 319.
15
. Günther Weisenborn, “Reich Secret,” in Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. 195.
16
. Ibid. See also Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?
17
. Günther Weisenborn, “Reich Secret,” in Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. 194.
18
. See German Propaganda Archive, Randall Bytwerk,
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/paradise.htm
.
19
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 318.
20
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?;
“Die Rote Kapelle,”
www.gdw-berlin.de
.
21
. “Die Rote Kapelle,”
www.gdw-berlin.de
.
22
. Author interview with Hans Coppi, November 2007.
23
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkran7
l
7
l
ur Rote Kapelle,
p. 321.
24
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 279.
25
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt
^
u Mir,
p. 360.
26
. Heinz Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 209.
27
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt
^
u Mir,
p. 361. See also Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 176.
28
. Convoy PQ17, which departed Iceland for Murmansk on June 27, 1942, lost two-thirds of its thirty-four merchant ships in a little over a week See the U.S. Merchant Marine site,
www.usmm.org
.
29
. Heinrich Scheel,
Vor den Schranken des Reichskriegs gerichts.
30
. Harro also spoke with Werner von Trott, whose diplomat brother, Adam von Trott, was deeply involved in the conspiracy. Harro might have been better off meeting with Werner's brother Adam, who was promoting the idea of a broad united front. Werner von Trott, a Communist aristocrat, subscribed to the notion of “inner immigration,” that is, remaining in Germany but withdrawing from society. He had a conflicted relationship with his activist brother Adam. See Giles MacDonogh,
A Good German.
31
. Egmond Zechlin, “Arvidund Mildred HarnackzumGedächtnis,” GDWarchive.
32
. MacDonogh,
A Good German,
p. 264.
33
. Spoerl reported that they also worked with documentary producers Wolf and Edith Hardt. Wolf Hardt had been one of Leni Riefenstahl's cameramen for her documentary on the 1936 Olympic Games.
34
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 448.
35
. Alexander Spoerl, “Memoir of Libertas Schulze-Boysen,” GDW archive.
36
. Karl Hess, statement, John Sieg papers, GDW archive.
37
. According to some accounts, they carried two radios.
38
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 314.
39
. Ibid.
1
. Ingeborg Malek-Kohler,
Im Windschatten des Dritten Reiches,
p. 193.
2
. The actress was Reva Holsey and the director was Oscar Ingenohl. See Heinz Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 223.
3
. Ibid.
4
. See Alexander Spoerl, “Memoir of Libertas Schulze-Boysen,” GDW archive; and Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkran^ ^ur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 321–325.
5
. Malek-Kohler,
Im Windschatten des Dritten Reiches,
p. 195.
6
. Poznanska had been recruited by Leopold Trepper on their kibbutz in Palestine over a decade earlier. The State of Israel awarded her a posthumous citation for fighting the Nazis. See Neri Livneh, “A Woman Called Zosha,”
Ha'areq,
April 25, 2003.
7
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 315.
8
. Ibid., p. 318.
9
. Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 153.
10
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt
^
u Mir,
p. 371.
11
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
pp. 230–201.
12
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle, p. 326.
13
. Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 155.
14
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 131.
15
. Günther Weisenborn, “Reich Secret,” in Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. 192.
16
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 241.
17
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 338.
18
. “Bezirksleutung” memoirs, p. 43, John Sieg papers, GDW archive.
19
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 231.
20
. Ibid., pp. 232–233.
21
. Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 195.
22
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 240. See also Peter Steinbach and J. Tuchel, eds.,
Lexikon des Widerstandes.
23
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 342. See also Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 240.
24
. Spoerl, “Memoir of Libertas Schulze-Boysen,” GDW archive.
25
. Weisenborn, “Reich Secrets,” in Boehm,
We Survived,
pp. 201–202.
26
. Interview with Karin Graudenz Reetz, “The Red Orchestra” (documentary).
27
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 348, 357ff.
28
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 245.
29
. Interview with Johannes Haas-Heyes, “The Red Orchestra” (documentary).
30
. Martin Gilbert,
The Second World War,
p. 332.
31
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 247.
32
. Ibid., pp. 252–254.
33
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 340.
34
. Interview with Helmut Roloff, “The Red Orchestra” (documentary).
35
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
pp. 263–265.
36
. Interview with Johannes Tuchel “The Red Orchestra” (documentary).
37
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
pp. 351–352.
38
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 269.
39
. Ibid.
40
. Interview with Hartmut Schulze-Boysen, “The Red Orchestra” (documentary).
41
. Egmont Zechlin, “Arvid und Mildred Harnack zum Gedächtnis,” GDW archive.
42
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
pp. 271–272.
43
.
Ernst von Harnack: Jahre des Widerstands 1932–1945,
Gustav-Adolf von Harnack, ed., p. 158.
44
. Ibid.
45
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 282.
46
. Spoerl, “Memoir of Libertas Schulze-Boysen,” GDW archive.
47
. Richard Breitman,
Official Secrets,
p. 156.
48
. Allen Dulles,
Germany's Underground,
p. 125.
49
. R. W. Johnson, “Cads, a review of Persico,
Roosevelt's Secret War,” London Review of Books,
4 April 2002.
50
. Lucas Delattre,
A Spy at the Heart of the Third Reich.
51
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 361.
52
. Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 275.
53
. Ibid., p. 276.
54
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 364, 373ff.
55
. Ibid., p. 373.
56
. Ibid.
57
. Ibid., p. 383.
58
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?;
author interview with Hans Coppi, August 7, 2003.
59
. David Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 90.
60
. Material on Falk Harnack from correspondence with Rainer von Harnack, September 19, 2007. Katerina Kritsiki,
Der Anteil deutscher Antifaschisten am Wider-standskampf des griechischen Volkes im zweiten Weltkrieg;
letter from Dr. Günter Groll to Richarda Huch, May 31, 1947 (Harnack/Roloff papers). See also interview with Käthe Braun,
Neues Deutschland,
February 3, 1993, p. 3.
61
. “Die Rote Kapelle,”
www.gdw-berlin.de
.
62
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 386.
63
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 354.
64
. “Power, Responsibility and Abuse in Medicine: Lessons from Germany,” William E. Seidelman, in Rochelle L. Millen, (ed.),
The Holocaust: A New Guide for Educators,
p. 327. Brigitte Oleschinski,
Gedenkstätte Plötzensee,
pp. 28, 46–47. See also Doris Claudia Mandel,
Die Zähmung des Chaos,
p. 138. Stieve was never investigated for his actions, and was a much-honored medical researcher in East Germany until his death in 1952.
65
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 394.
66
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 391ff.
1
. Peter Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
p. 293.
2
. Terry Parsinnen,
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938,
p. 179; Hava Kovav Beller, “The Restless Conscience” (documentary).
3
. Hava Kovav Beller, “The Restless Conscience” (documentary).
4
. Agostino von Hassell and Sigrid MacRae,
Alliance of Enemies,
p. 343.
5
. Giles MacDonogh,
A Good German,
pp. 230–231.
6
. Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. xviii.
7
. See Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
pp. 510–523.
8
. Poelchau also actively participated in resistance activities himself. He helped many of the prisoners, smuggling messages to their families. He also combed bomb sites for identity papers to give to Jews. See also Peter Schneider, “The Good Germans,”
New York Times Magazine,
September 13, 2000; and Ian Ker-shaw,
Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis,
p. 693.
9
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 418.
10
. Author interview with Saskia von Brockdorff, Berlin, November 2007.
11
. Robert Solomon Wistrich,
Who's Who in Nazi Germany,
p. 137.
12
. Gunther Weisenborn, “Reich Secret,” in Boehm,
We Survived,
p. 210.
13
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
pp. 373–374.
14
. Schneider, “The Good Germans,”
New York Times Magazine.
15
. Boehm,
We Survived,
p. xviii.
16
. Ibid., p. xxi.
17
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 384.
18
. Four were acquitted, one died during the trial, and another was granted a mistrial on the basis of severe illness.
19
. These trials served as the basis for the Broadway play and 1961 Oscar-winning film
Judgment at Nuremberg,
starring Spencer Tracy and Marlene Dietrich.
20
. William Shirer,
The End of a Berlin Diary,
p. 223.
21
. Ibid., p. 224.
22
. Ibid., p. 357.
23
. Ibid., p. 356.
24
. Norman Goda, “Tracking the Red Orchestra: Allied Intelligence, Soviet Spies, Nazi Criminals,” from Richard Breitman, et al.,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis,
pp. 298–299.
25
. See “Reversal of Fortune: Robert Kempner,”
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007164
. In a twist of fate, Kempner, who had once been legal adviser to the Prussian police, led the prosecution of Hermann Göring, the man who had fired him for anti-Nazi activities in 1933. Göring took cyanide before he was scheduled to be hung in October 1946.