Authors: Kenneth Sewell
58
Huge antenna frames:
James Bradford,
Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency
(New York: Random House, 2001), pp. 76–77.
59
The ship’s doctor:
Allbeury, “Life Support,” in
Russian Cobra.
60
They were fed four meals:
Ibid., “Food Fit for a King.”
61
With no indication:
Retired high-ranking U.S. naval official, involved in the K-129 incident in the aftermath of the sinking of the Soviet submarine, in 1968–69. Interviews conducted by author at several sites around the Pacific during August 2001 and April 2003. Interviewee requested anonymity.
62
It was March 8:
Vladimir Ryzhkov, “Russia’s Festive Postmodernism,”
Moscow Times,
April 30, 2002, via Center for Defense Information (CDI), Washington, D.C. (accessed December 16, 2003): http://www.cdi.org/russia/204-2.cfm
63
“I know exactly the day”:
Irina Zhuravina, interviews (see Chapter 5).
64
The steps required:
Allbeury, “Surfacing the Submarine,” in
Russian Cobra.
65
In the general area:
Peter H. Dana, “Geographic Information Systems Loran-C Coverage Modeling,”
Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Technical Symposium, October 18–21, 1993, Santa Barbara
(Bedford, Mass.: Wild Goose Association, 1994).
66
By 1968, Soviet submarines:
J. R. Wilson, “Loran-C Gets New Lease on Life,” January 1999 (accessed February 21, 2004): http://thefreelancer.com/archives/loran.htm
67
A rigidly enforced:
Podvig,
Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces,
p. 281.
68
The seabed drops: Pacific Map: World of Ocean Floors
(Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1992).
69
The exploding warhead:
Golosov, open letter (see Chapter 1).
70
Only a top-secret:
“Operation Jennifer,” Discovery Channel documentary on the K-129 incident and Project Jennifer. Retired Soviet submarine officers from the Pacific Fleet and American naval and intelligence officials served as consultants on the documentary.
71
The explosion and sinking:
Thomas O’Toole, “Ocean Gear Heard Soviet Sub Blast,”
Washington Post,
March 23, 1975, p. 1.
72
The Pacific SOSUS:
High-ranking U.S. naval official (retired), interview by author (see Chapter 7).
73
There certainly was no way:
Scott D. Sagan,
The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 80.
74
The base provided:
“Pearl Harbor,” GlobalSecurity.org, March 27, 2004, (accessed November 19, 2002): http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/pearl_harbor.htm
75
A one-megaton explosion:
Retired defense nuclear weapons scientist, Battelle Memorial Institute, interviewed by author, Columbus, Ohio, April 2003.
76
This deadly radiation:
Ibid.
77
Experts say:
Ibid.
78
“I think you should”:
Memorandum from Spurgeon Keeny, National Security Council staff, to Walt W. Rostow, National Security File (Secret), Nuclear Weapons, USSR, Vol. 1, Box 34, April 19, 1966, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
79
The PAL fail-safe:
Steven M. Bellovin, “Permissive Action Links,” AT&T Labs, October 2003. Bellovin is an AT&T Fellow in the Network Services Research Lab. (Accessed January 17, 2004): http://www.research.att.com/˜smb/nsam-160/pal.html
80
The crude devices:
Ibid.
81
After all, the fail-safe:
Sagan,
Limits of Safety,
p. 158.
82
The submarine had reported:
Shtyrov correspondence with Neumann.
83
When the duty officer:
Excerpt from “History of Russia’s Pacific Fleet, After the War and Today,” July 2003.
Russian Academy of Sciences,
(accessed July 4, 2003): http://www.fegi.ru/prim/flot/flot1_14.htm
84
In the Soviet navy:
Rear Admiral Y. A. Krivoruchko (Retired), interviewed by Paul Neumann. Translation and notes provided to author.
85
Communist bureaucrats:
Soviet submarine commander, retired in Russia, interviewed by author.
86
On or about March 21:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
pp. 107–9.
87
The Soviet search boats:
John Piña Craven,
The Silent War: The Cold War Battle Beneath the Sea
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 204.
88
The subject was:
Clyde Burleson, Kursk
Down! The Shocking True Story of the Sinking of a Russian Nuclear Submarine
(New York: Warner Books, 2002), p. 86.
89
Admiral Anatoliy Shtyrov:
Paul Neumann, article “Operation Jennifer Behind the Scenes,” from interview and correspondence with retired Soviet admiral Anatoliy Shtyrov; excerpts provided to author.
90
The DIA had been founded:
“The Defense Intelligence Agency, Forty Years of History” (updated August 20, 2002), (accessed November 1, 2003): http://www.dia.mil/History/40years/intro.html
91
Before the investigation:
Craven,
Silent War,
p. 216.
92
The oceanographic research:
“The UNOLS Fleet, 50 Years of Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950–2000,” Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, Ocean Studies Board,
The National Academies Press:
http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309063981/html/114.html
93
At the time the
Teritu: Dr. Jim McVey, scientist aboard the R/V
Teritu
during the late 1960s, interviewed by author, April 2004.
94
The diesel engines:
Kolosov, interview by author.
95
Before anyone could:
Barry Raleigh, dean of University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (formerly Oceanographic and Geological Department), in e-mail correspondence with author, April 2003.
96
A remodeled Admiral-class:
Mine Warfare Vessel Archive, (accessed February 13, 2004): http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/02297.htm
97
Within three years:
“The University’s new oceanographic vessel,”
Hawaii Business and Industry,
March 1971, pp. 71–73.
98
More than thirty years:
Raleigh, correspondence with author.
99
The Navy had recently:
William Broad,
The Universe Below
(New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 63.
100
The expertise of the DSSP:
Craven,
Silent War,
p. 205.
101
Another incident:
Robert Burns, Associated Press correspondent, “Distrust of U.S. Harks Back to ’68 Loss of Sub,”
Moscow Times,
August 24, 2002, p. 1.
102
The submarine was apparently:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
p. 113n.
103
Retired admiral Ivan Amelko:
Shtyrov, interviews and correspondence with Neumann.
104
The widely held theory:
Robert Burns, “Russians Suspicious of U.S. in Sub,” Associated Press, August 22, 2000.
105
“While on patrol”:
Minutes of the Seventh Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, December 6, 1993.
106
At the time there was ample reason:
Shtyrov,
“Kursk
Disaster: How, who, why?”
Red Star
(Russian army newspaper), August 8, 2000.
107
“There have been numerous”:
Central Intelligence Agency, Top Secret Intelligence Memorandum #0000267786, “Communist Harassment of U.S. Ships and Aircraft Harassment,” January 27, 1968, declassified November 18, 1999.
108
Admiral Gorshkov was a strong:
Donald D. Chapman, “Transformation of Soviet Maritime Operations,”
Air Power Journal
(Summer 1990).
109
Gorshkov was in charge:
Podvig,
Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces,
p. 619.
110
A comment leaked:
O’Toole, “Ocean Gear Heard Soviet Sub Blasts.”
111
A number of U.S. Air Force:
Chronology of Spy Satellites, (accessed August 5, 2003): http://informanage.com/international/intelligence/spychron
112
This system, code-named TIROS:
“The TIROS Program,” NASA, April 22, 1999 (accessed August 5, 2003): http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/tiros
113
The MIDAS program:
“MIDAS,” GlobalSecurity.org, October 8, 2002 (accessed August 5, 2003): http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/midas.htm
114
The Americans also operated:
“Mizar, Service Ship Archive,” NavSource Online, (accessed February 29, 2004): http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/130272.htm
115
The boat was:
Hutchinson,
Jane’s Submarines,
pp. 168–69.
116
By early summer:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
pp. 97–98.
117
The USS
Halibut
found:
Broad,
Universe Below,
p. 73.
118
The myth later circulated:
O’Toole, “Ocean Gear Heard Soviet Sub Blast.”
119
But everything the
Halibut
found:
Broad,
Universe Below,
pp. 78–79.
120
The special project director:
Dr. John P. Craven, retired civilian director, U.S. Navy, Deep Submergence Systems Project, interview by author, Hawaii, July 2003.
121
Dr. Craven told:
Broad,
Universe Below,
p. 74.
122
The Presidential Citation:
Walt W. Rostow, National Security File, USS
Halibut
folder, September 18, 1968 (Top Secret—partially declassified, April 25, 1994); Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
123
The final military:
CIA Director George Tenet, “Written statement to the
Washington Post,”
August 8, 2003 (accessed August 10, 2003): http://www.washingtonpost.com
124
An eyewitness account:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
pp. 114–15.
125
Other photographs revealed:
Huchthausen,
K-19: The Widowmaker,
pp. 172–73.
126
The extensive damage:
Former U.S. Navy submariner and later a crew member on the
Glomar Explorer
salvage operation of K-129, interviewed by author in Portland, Oregon, April 2003. Interviewee requested anonymity.
127
Pieces of evidence:
“What Is Analysis?” March 31, 2003, National Security Archives, Wesleyan College, North Carolina, (accessed May 29, 2003): http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/392/spy/WHATisANALYSIS.htm
128
The methodology employed:
E. Bright Wilson,
An Introduction to Scientific Research
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952). Bayes’ Theorem is a controversial analysis system, but was widely used by military intelligence agencies at the time.