Authors: Kenneth Sewell
272
An anonymous note:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
p. 275.
273
Someone had made an effort:
Shtyrov correspondence with Neumann.
274
When the first trawler:
Burleson,
Jennifer Project,
p. 112.
275
Years later, Shtyrov:
Admiral Shtyrov, excerpts of transcripts from Neumann.
276
During the first weeks:
Sampson, “Glomar Explorer.”
277
Within hours of taking office:
John L. Helgerson, CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates 1952–1992, Central Intelligence Agency, May 22, 1996.
278
Project Jennifer was so sensitive:
Ibid.
279
The ship docked:
Burleson,
Jennifer Project,
p. 133.
280
The trip from Hawaii:
Ibid., pp. 134–35.
281
In the dark of night:
Former Lockheed engineer who worked on Project Jennifer, interviewed by author, Washington, D.C., February 2003, on condition of anonymity.
282
Recently there was confirmation:
Weir and Boyne,
Rising Tide,
pp. 99–100.
283
From Long Beach Harbor:
Former Lockheed engineer, interview.
284
The site is today:
Lynn Graebner, Exclusive Reports,
San Francisco Business Times,
September 24, 1999.
285
A Lockheed worker:
Former Lockheed engineer, interview.
286
The nine-hundred-acre Hunters:
Environmental Protection Agency, Document CA1170090087, November 15, 2002.
287
According to that story:
“Blind Man’s Bluff,” A&E Television Network, The History Channel, 2000.
288
The CIA learned:
James B. Bruce, “Laws and Leaks of Classified Intelligence: Costs and Consequences of Permissive Neglect,” The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies (CI Centre): http://www.cicentre.com/ Documents/DOC_Classified_Leaks.htm
289
A second layer:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
p. 277.
290
Coincidentally, there is:
Andrew Toppan, “Salvage of German U-Boats,”
Haze Gray and Underway Naval Information Center,
Science Military Naval FAQ, Part G7, March 2000: http://www.hazegray.org/faq/smn7.htm#G7
291
The first major news leaks:
Burleson,
Jennifer Project,
pp. 140–41.
292
The CIA then successfully:
William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable Men
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 389.
293
The first reporter:
Ibid., p. 415.
294
Kissinger gave Dobrynin:
Borodin, ed.,
History of Russia’s Pacific Fleet,
Russian Academy of Sciences.
295
Director Colby wrote:
Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men,
pp. 417–18.
296
Finally, the cover:
Jack Anderson with Daryl Gibson,
Peace, War, and Politics
(Forge reprint edition, 2000), p. 278.
297
Anderson later criticized:
Ibid.
298
The refloating itself:
Case summary,
Military Audit Project
v.
Casey et al.,
p. 28.
299
The charade continued:
“Justice Plans Suit Over Colby Book,”
Washington Post,
September 21, 1981, p. 9.
300
To this date, top-level officials:
Richard Helms with William Hood,
A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the CIA
(New York: Random House, 2003).
301
The mystery surrounding:
American authors and journalists often become more determined to learn the truth when confronted by a government stamp of secrecy. This has certainly been the case with the K-129 incident. In addition to the works cited more extensively by the author, other notable aspects of the mystery have been covered in such books as
Spy Sub: Top Secret Missions to the Bottom of the Pacific,
by Roger C. Dunham (1997);
Wedge: The Secret War Between the FBI and CIA,
by Mark Riebling (1994);
K-19: The Widowmaker,
by Peter Huchthausen (2002);
Hostile Waters,
by Huchthausen, Igor Kurdin, and R. Alan White (1997);
Kursk Down,
by Clyde Burleson (2002);
A Matter of Risk,
by Roy Varner and Wayne Collier (1978); and
Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines,
by Gary E. Weir and Walter J. Boyne (2003).
302
There is a small, but revealing:
George H. W. Bush, Memorandum for the Record, “Meeting with the President, Oval Office, December 1, 1976,” dated December 2, 1976, declassified January 2001.
303 Time
magazine in its:
“Submarine Snatch,”
Time
.
304
Project Jennifer was so wrapped:
A former U.S. government intelligence analyst who worked on Project Jennifer told the author: “You don’t need to tell many lies to successfully hide an incident. The lies just have to be believable, and they need to be told over and over again. In this case, they only needed three. One, the submarine was on the bottom in one piece. Two, the claw cracked and all but the forward section fell back to the bottom of the ocean. Three, the submarine sank at 40° N latitude, 180° W longitude. No matter what information leaked out afterward, if these three lies were believed, nobody would ever discover the truth.” Interviewed in New York City, November 2001, on condition of anonymity.
305
The fact that this “mad” proliferation:
The
Federal’naya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti,
abbreviated FSB, is known as the Federal Security Service in the United States. See “Intelligence Resource Program,” Federation of American Scientists: http://fas.org/irp/world/russia/fsb/
306
The government’s defense:
Case Summary,
Military Audit Project
v.
Casey et al.
(see Chapter 21).
307
The FOIA case was brought:
Case Summary,
Phillippi
v.
CIA
(Turner et al.), U.S. Court of Appeals, 211 U.S. App. D.C. 95, June 25, 1981 (decided).
308
This Glomar exception:
Assistant Solicitor, Office of U.S. Solicitor General, Glomar Responses to FOIA Requests, memorandum of September 4, 1998.
309
The world knew:
Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate
Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How they Won the Cold War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 553–54.
310
But even this goodwill:
Margaret Shapiro, “Gates Meets Yeltsin in Kremlin; Director Details Secret Savaging of Soviet Sub,”
Washington Post,
October 17, 1992, p. 14.
311
The two presidents announced:
“History of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission on POWs and MIAs,” Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, February 5, 2003 (accessed February 27, 2003): http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/tfr/tfrhist.html
312
Ambassador Toon addressed:
Minutes of the Sixth Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, August 31, 1993.
313
The meeting ended angrily:
Minutes of the Eighth Plenary Session, USRJC, Washington, D.C., February 28, 1994.
314
The photograph was reportedly:
Mormul,
Accidents Under Water,
p. 294.
315
The Tenth Plenary:
Minutes of the Tenth Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, August 31, 1994.
316
In the Eleventh Plenary:
Minutes of the Eleventh Plenary Session, USRJC, Washington, D.C., December 7, 1994.
317
The ever more bitter:
Minutes of the Sixteenth Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, November 9, 1999.
318
“Russia’s initial suspicion”:
Burns, “Russians Suspicious of U.S. in Sub.”
319
In 1968, the Pacific Fleet:
CIA, NIE, May 16, 1968 (see Chapter 5).
320
The new official version:
Golosov, open letter.
321
Another memorial:
Irina Zhuravina, interviews conducted in Moscow.
322
The official silence:
Ed Offley, military reporter,
Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
May 21, 1998.
323
A year after the end:
Charles Smith, “Russian Navy Still Has Nuclear Punch,”
World Net Daily,
September 6, 2000.
324
Now, instead of two:
Lewis M. Simons, “Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Ominous New Chapter Opens on the Twentieth Century’s Ugliest Legacy,”
National Geographic Magazine,
November 2002, pp. 18–19. The author is a freelance writer who won the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting.
325
Terrorist states are eagerly:
Sharon Jayson, “Virtual State of Terrorism,”
Austin American Statesman,
December 2, 2002, sec. B, p. 1.
326
Russian Federation:
Associated Press, “Report Warns of Nuclear Threat,”
Dallas Morning News,
March 13, 2003, sec. A, p. 5.
327
The stated aim of al-Qaeda:
Bill Gertz, “Terrorists Aim at Pearl Harbor,”
Washington Times,
March 3, 2003.
328
There is more than ample proof:
Vernon Loeb, staff writer, “New Bases Reflect Shift in Military,”
Washington Post,
June 9, 2003, p. 1.
329
The three largest powers:
Hutchinson,
Jane’s Submarines,
Appendix 1, pp. 204–14.
330
Many of those are advanced:
Christopher Drew, author of
Blind Man’s Bluff,
interviewed by Jeff Stein, in “Submariners: Heights of Risk, Depths of Courage,”
New York Times on the Web,
December 31, 1998.
331
The Defense Intelligence Agency:
Glenn Kessler, “N. Korea Nuclear Estimate to Rise,”
Washington Post,
April 28, 2004, p. 1.
332
In addition, the CIA:
Edith M. Lederer, AP writer, “U.S. Rates Chance of al-Qaeda WMD Attack,” AP wire, June 10, 2003.
333
As ludicrous as it sounds:
Andrew Selsky, Associated Press writer, “Drug Smugglers Obtain Submarine,” AP wire, September 8, 2000.
334
China’s aggressive development:
George Gedda, AP writer, “Bush Looks to China for Aid,”
Dallas Morning News,
October 18, 2002, p. 1A.
335
In the event of another coup:
“The Ally of Evil,” Foreign Affairs in
Atlantic Monthly,
June 2003, p. 34.
336
Robert Baer, a twenty-two-year veteran:
Robert Baer, “The Fall of the House of Saud,”
Atlantic Monthly,
May 2003, pp. 53–55.
337
The threat that stateless:
The National Security Strategy of September (NSS 2002) of George Walker Bush, released by the White House on September 17, 2002.
338
Only a fail-safe device:
Bill Keller, “The Thinkable,”
New York Times Magazine,
May 4, 2003, p. 50.
al-Qaeda
Andropov, Yuri: death of, as General Secretary; and K-129 plot, as KGB head; and Moscow Mini Crisis; and Soviet-U.S. relations, Suslov’s relationship with
antiballistic missile (ABM) systems
antiballistic missile (ABM) treaties
Army, Soviet
ballistic missile submarines, Soviet,
See also specific class or vessel
ballistic missiles: sea-launched,
See also
antiballistic (ABM) systems; ballistic missile submarines, Soviet; defense systems, U.S.;
type of missile
bell, K-129
Boresight network
Brezhnev, Leonid; and change in naval procedures; and China-Soviet relations; and K–129 plot, knowledge of K-129 of, military buildup by; and Nixon administration, power of; and SALT; and Suslov
Broad, William J.
Burleson, Clyde W.
Bush, George H.W.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): and al-Qaeda; and China-Soviet relations; and Colby autobiography; and collisions of Soviet-U.S. Navy vessels, covert operations of; and distribution of information about k-129; and Ford administration; and Forty Committee; and
Halibut
findings; and Hughes, KGB as rival of, lawsuits against; and Nixon administration, PDB of; and Soviet internal power struggle; and Soviet submarine buildup; and Soviet targets; and Suslov, takeover of submarine intelligence program by; and USRJC; and Zuev’s diary,
See also Glomar Explorer
Project Jennifer
Cherepanov, Sergey
China: atomic bomb test by, Cultural Revolution in, internal politics in; and K-129 plot, military buildup in, missile technology development in, modernization of navy in; and Nixon administration, as nuclear power, in post–Cold War world; and secrecy surrounding Project Jennifer, shipyards in, Soviet military aid to; and Soviet military buildup, Soviet relations with, submarines of; and Suslov, as threat to Soviet Union, as threat to U.S., U.S. consideration of preemptive nuclear strike against; and U.S. defense plans, U.S. fear of attack from, U.S. gives intelligence of Soviet military operations to, U.S. relations with, U.S. surveillance of; and Vietnam War,
See also
Mao Tse-tung
cipher room: in K-129
Clementine claw
Clift, Denis
codes/codebooks
Colby, William
Congress, U.S.
conning tower, k-129
control center, K-129
cover-up/disinformation: and China as threat to U.S., courts condone CIA’s, by DIA; and DIA probability assessment, by DOD, extent of U.S., about
Glomar Explorer
, about
Halibut
’s findings; and lawsuits, about location of K-129 wreckage; and media; and Project Jennifer/
Glomar Explorer
; and Soviet spy ships, by Soviets; and USRJC; and Watergate,
See also
leaks
Craven, John Piña
crew members: of
Glomar Explorer
, of Golf submarines,
See also
officers, Soviet naval; political officers; submariners, Soviet
crew members, K-129: awards and honors for, bodies of, burial of; and DIA probability assessment; and explosion on k-129, furloughs for; and
Halibut
’s photographs; and hypothesis about last days of k-129, lack of Soviet explanation about; and last voyage of k-129, living conditions for, manifest of, morale among, motives of, officers as, overview about, personal items belonging to, privileges for, replacement, reputation of; and retrofitting of k-129; and size of crew,
See also
mystery men;
specific person
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Deep Submergence Systems Project (DSSP)
defection scenario
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA): and CIA takeover of submarine intelligence program, conclusions about K-129 of; and cover-up of K-129 explosion, Craven on Scientific Advisory Board of, dissemination of k-129, analysis by; and Forty Committee, founding of; and items recovered from k-129, K-129 investigation by, and North Korea, probability assessment by; and
Pueblo
incident, search for K-129 by; and Soviet knowledge of U.S. information about k-129; and Soviet search for k-129; and
Teritu
’s findings; and U.S. defense plans; and U.S. surveillance/tracking of Soviet submarines; and Vietnam War,
See also
Deep Submergence Systems Project (DSSP); Defense Intelligence Estimate (DIE)
Defense Intelligence Estimate (DIE)
defense systems, U.S.
See also specific plan
Department of Defense (DOD), U.S.,
See also
Defense Intelligence Agency; Defense Intelligence Estimate
deterrence policy
diary, Zuev
diesel-electric submarines,
See also
Golf-class submarines; K-129
Dobrynin, Anatoly
Drew, Annette L.
Drew, Christopher
Dygalo, Viktor A.
fail-safe systems
fishing trawlers, Soviet
Ford (Gerald R.) administration
Forty Committee
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
gas explosion theory
Gates, Robert M.
George Washington
, USS
Germany
Global Marine, Inc.
Glomar Challenger
Glomar Explorer
: construction of, cover stories and disinformation about, crew members of, design and characteristics of, dumping of K-129 material by; and Ford administration,
Glomar Challenger
as similar to, Hughes as builder of, items recovered from K-129 by, lawsuits about; and media, mission of, ore mining story about; and political patronage, post–K-129 activities of, recovery of K-129 by, secrecy surrounding, and Soviet spy ships; and USRJC, working conditions on,
See also
Project Jennifer
Golf submarines, Soviet: assignment of early, Chinese, crew members of; and Cuban Missile Crisis, design and capabilities of, as first-line weapons of Pacific Fleet, functions of, improvements on original; and K-129 plot, launch systems for, as major threat in Pacific, navigation systems on, ramming of, retrofitting of, takeover of, as threat to other nations, U.S. concerns about nuclear attack involving, U.S. stalking of, weapons on,
See also
diesel-electric submarines; Golf II submarines; K-129
Golf II submarines, Soviet,
See also
K-129
Golosov, Rudolf A.
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Gorshkov, Georgievich
Gorshkov, Sergey G.
Haig, Alexander
Halibut
, USS: and books about Project Jennifer, commendations for members of, design and construction of; and DIE of k-129, findings from K-129 of; and gas explosion theory; and location of K-129 wreckage, at Pearl Harbor, photographs by; and probability assessment by DIA, and Project Jennifer, search and discovery of K-129 by, secrecy about; and Vladivostok surveillance
Hawaii: and K-129 plot; and K-129’s last voyage, and location of K-129 wreckage, potential effects of nuclear explosion on; and Sea Spider system, Soviet submarine patrols off, as Soviet target; and U.S. defense plans, U.S. listening stations surrounding,
See also
Leeward Islands; Pearl Harbor
Helms, Richard
Hersh, Seymour
Hotel-class submarines, Soviet
Huchthausen, Peter
Hughes, Howard
Hughes Mining Barge (HMB-1)
Hughes Tool Company
Hunters Point Navy Shipyard (California)
intelligence, Soviet: and China, competition between U.S. and, estimation of U.S. spy technology by, fishing trawlers used for, and K-129 departure, and K-129 plot, Kobzar investigation by; and location of K-129 wreckage; and Project Jennifer; and
Pueblo
and special operations units; and U.S. fear of China; and U.S. information about k-129; and U.S. role in missing k-129; and versions about sinking of k-129; and Walker,
See also
KGB
intelligence, U.S.: and capability of Soviet submarines; and cause of K-129 sinking; and China as threat to U.S.; and Chinese missile technology, competition between Soviet and; and defense plans; and inter-service rivalries; and K-129 plot; and Kissinger; and location of K-129 explosion; and mission of k-129; and search for k-129; and U.S. fear of China; and USJRC; and versions about sinking of k-129; and Zuev diary,
See also
Central Intelligence Agency; Defense Intelligence Agency; Defense Intelligence Estimate; intelligence, U.S. Navy/military; National Intelligence Estimate
intelligence, U.S. Navy/military: and books about Project Jennifer; and China-U.S. relations, and CIA takeover of submarine intelligence program, finding of K-129 by; and HMB-1 barge; and Nixon administration; and Project Jennifer, reaction to missing K-129 by; and search for k-129; and Soviet shipbuilding, surveillance/tracking of K-129 by; and
Teritu
’s findings; and USRJC,
See also
Defense Intelligence Agency; listening posts, U.S.
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM)
International Date Line
Japan
Johnson (Lyndon B.) administration; and China; and commendations for
Halibut
crew; and DIA probability assessment; and elections of 1968, national emergency declared by; and nuclear arms limitation treaty; and
Pueblo
incident; and U.S. defense systems, and Vietnam War
Joint Commission on POW/MIAs (USRJC)
K-19 (Soviet submarine)
K-129 (Soviet ballistic missile submarine): acoustical fingerprint of, cause of sinking of, crew manifest for, damage to, defection scenario about, design and characteristics of, dismantling of, explosion and sinking of, gas explosion theory about, hypothesis of last days of, importance of finding, indications of problems aboard, items recovered from, last voyage of, living conditions on, as means for U.S. to blackmail Soviets, missions in 1967 and early 1968 of, myths about missing; and Nixon’s foreign policy successes, as officially listed as lost at sea, orders for, plot/plotters of, preparation for missile launch from, reassembling of, retrofitting of, as rogue submarine, route of, selection of officers for, Soviet denials about sinking of, Soviet investigations about, Soviet knowledge about U.S. files on, Soviet “official” ignoring of crew size on; and Soviet power struggle, Soviet reaction to aberrant behavior of, Soviet search for, Soviet tracking of, Soviet’s “official” cause of sinking of, threat assessment of, U.S. blamed for sinking of, U.S. finds, U.S. gives Soviets information about, U.S. mock-ups of, U.S. search for, U.S. surveillance/tracking of, weapons on,
See also specific person or topic
Kalugin, Oleg
Kamchatka Flotilla
See also specific person or division
Kamchatka Peninsula,
See also
Rybachiy Naval Base
Keeny, Spurgeon
KGB: Andropov as head of; and China-Soviet relations; and Chinese missile technology, CIA as rival of, and Cuban Missile Crisis, as custodian of nuclear warheads, and Czechoslovakia functions of, as guards for 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt, headquarters of; and K-129 departure; and K-129 plot; and Kissinger, leadership of, military relations with; and Moscow Mini Crisis, at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, radical control of, recruitment for; and restrictions on information in Russia; and secrecy surrounding k-129; and Soviet investigation of K-129 mission, special operations units of, and Suslov, and
Swordfish
repairs; and takeover of submarines; and U.S. fear of possible Chinese attack; and U.S. naval codes; and Walker,
See also
intelligence, Soviet; mystery men
Khrushchev, Nikita
Kissinger, Henry: back-channel diplomacy of, and Brezhnev; and China/Mao; and Dobrynin; and Ford administration, and Forty Committee, and K-129 information, and KGB, Nixon’s relationship with; and Project Jennifer; and recovery of k-129, security responsibilities of; and triangulation of foreign policy
Kobzar, Vladimir Ivanovich: authority of, as commander of k-129; and Communist Party, family of, honors and awards for, indoctrination of and K-129’s last voyage, loyalty of, and manifest for k-129; and mystery men, as “new Soviet man”; and orders for k-129, personal background of, personality of, professional career of, reputation of; and retrofitting of k-129, role in rogue attack of, selection as submariner of; and takeover of k-129; and U.S. surveillance/tracking of k-129, Zhuravin as replacement for
Kursk
(Soviet submarine)
launch systems