Authors: Perminder S. Sachdev

Secondary Schizophrenia (176 page)

Chapter 21 Demyelinating disease and psychosis
Demyelinating disorders
Behavioral abnormalities in multiple sclerosis
Psychosis secondary to multiple sclerosis
Prevalence
Distinguishing characteristics
Temporal association
Clinical features
Age of presentation
Gender ratio
Etiology
Genetic links
Viral hypothesis
MRI brain changes
Treatment
Outcome
Summary
References
Chapter 22 Infection and schizophrenia
Introduction
Early clues
Ecologic studies
Serologic studies
Influenza
Toxoplasmosis
Herpes simplex virus
Maternal genital/reproductive infections
Rubella
Cytokines
Studies of infection and schizophrenia in adult patients
Implications for clinical practice
Suggestions for future research
Translational approaches
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23 The status of genetic investigations of schizophrenia
Genetic complexity of schizophrenia
Clinical phenotype
Diagnostic categories
Alternative clinical phenotypes
Molecular genetics
Statistical genetics
Linkage analysis
Association analysis
Schizophrenia linkage studies
Schizophrenia association studies
DISC1: an illustrative example
Cytogenetics, linkage, and association
Endophenotypes
Functional studies
Expression studies: mRNA
Expression studies: protein
Implications for clinical practice
Molecular diagnosis
Molecular treatment
Suggestions for future research
Clinical
Population characteristics
Laboratory
Analytic
Replication
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24 Velocardiofacial syndrome (chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) as a model of schizophrenia
Introduction
Velocardiofacial syndrome
Relevance of VCFS to schizophrenia
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
Prevalence of VCFS in schizophrenia
Premorbid neuropsychological and brain morphometric findings in VCFS
Psychological abnormalities in children with VCFS
Psychiatric diagnoses in childhood in VCFS
Structural brain abnormalities in VCFS
Quantitative MRI studies in children with VCFS
Schizophrenia phenotype in VCFS
Quantitative MRI studies in adults with VCFS
Treatment of VCFS-associated psychiatric illnesses
Molecular genetics of schizophrenia as related to chromosome 22q11.2
COMT
PRODH
ZDHHC8
UFD1L
TBX1
Mouse models of VCFS: relevance to schizophrenia
References
Chapter 25 Psychosis in Prader-Willi Syndrome
What is Prader-Willi Syndrome?
Psychosis in PWS
Other psychopathology in PWS
Course and treatment of psychosis in PWS
Influence of genetic subtype on psychosis in PWS
Why is psychotic illness more common in the uniparental disomy subtype of PWS?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 26 Friedreich’s Ataxia and schizophrenia-like psychosis
Clinical features
Age of onset
Signs and symptoms
Neurological features
Other features
Psychiatric features
Late-onset FRDA
Laboratory investigations
Course of illness
Genetic abnormality
Psychosis in FRDA
Treatment
Other autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias
References
Chapter 27 Wilson’s Disease
Introduction
General considerations
Pathophysiology and pathology
Diagnosis and clinical features
Treatment
Psychosis in Wilson’s Disease
Psychotic features
Other features of schizophrenia observed in Wilson’s Disease
Treating psychosis in Wilson’s Disease
Research considerations
Possible pathophysiological mechanisms for psychosis
Future directions
References
Chapter 28 Huntington’s Disease and related disorders and their association with schizophrenia-like psychosis
Clinical features
Age of onset
Signs and symptoms
Neurological symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
Psychiatric symptoms
Longitudinal course
Diagnosis
Genetics
Huntington’s Disease and schizophrenia-like psychosis
Epidemiological association
Genetics
Pathology
Neuropsychology
Treatment
Other trinucleotide repeat disorders
References
Chapter 29 Fahr’s Disease and psychosis
Prevalence and incidence
Basal ganglia
Etiology
Pathogenesis and pathology
Clinical features
Psychiatric features
Neurological features
Cognitive features
Differential diagnosis
Causes of basal ganglia calcification
Natural history and prognosis
Treatment
Management
Implications for clinical practice
Suggestions for future research
References
Section 4 Related concepts
Chapter 30 The Charles Bonnet Syndrome
Introduction
Definition
Simple and complex hallucinations
Theories of hallucination generation
Site of complex hallucinations
What determines the total duration of hallucinations and why do they usually eventually cease?
Prevalence and incidence
Course and outcome
Implications for clinical practice
Suggestions for future research
References
Chapter 31 Acute brief psychosis – an organic syndrome?
Current description of acute psychotic disorders in ICD and DSM
Brief history of acute psychotic disorders
Incidence, prevalence, risk factors, course, and outcome
Biological abnormalities in acute psychotic disorders
Acute psychosis in general medical and neurological conditions
Pathophysiology of acute psychotic disorder and proposed etiopathological subgroups
Clinical management of acute psychotic disorder
Suggestions for future research
Conclusions
References
Section 5 Treatment
Chapter 32 Drug treatment of secondary schizophrenia
Introduction
General principles of drug treatment
Antipsychotic medications
Conventional antipsychotic medications
Low-potency conventional antipsychotics
Medium-and high-potency conventional antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotic medications
Clozapine
Antipsychotics for secondary schizophrenia
Antipsychotics for schizophrenia secondary to neurological disorders
Dementia
Parkinson's Disease
Seizure disorder
Antipsychotics for schizophrenia secondary to systemic disorders
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Antipsychotics for schizophrenia secondary to genetic disorders
Huntington's Disease
Wilson's Disease
Antipsychotics for substance-induced schizophrenia
Drugs of abuse
Dopaminergic drugs
Corticosteroids
Implications for clinical practice
Antipsychotic treatment selection
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 33 Nonpharmacological interventions in secondary schizophrenia
Introduction
Substance use
Randomized controlled trials on substance misuse and psychosis
Suggestions for future research
Implications for clinical practice
Psychological management of insomnia
Suggestions for future research
Implications for clinical practice
Management of psychotic symptoms and their sequelae
Suggestions for future research
Implications for clinical practice
Summary and conclusions
References
Index

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