Read Shakespeare: A Life Online
Authors: Park Honan
Tags: #General, #History, #Literary Criticism, #European, #Biography & Autobiography, #Great Britain, #Literary, #English; Irish; Scottish; Welsh, #Europe, #Biography, #Historical, #Early modern; 1500-1700, #Entertainment & Performing Arts, #Performing Arts, #History & Criticism, #Shakespeare, #Theater, #Dramatists; English, #Stratford-upon-Avon (England)
| and in M. S. Giuseppi, "The Exchequer Documents Relative to Shakespeare's Residence in Southwark", in Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society , NS 5 ( 1926), 281-8. The summary on taxes in SS, DL 220-3 is useful, and so is the background given by B. Roland Lewis in The Shakespeare Documents , 2 vols. ( Stanford, Ca., 1941), i. 262-71, though transcripts in the latter work are unreliable. | |
| 8. | The tax assessment for actors and musicians at St Helen's was likely to be a standard one; see PRO, E179/146/369. |
| 9. | A. E. M. Kirkwood, "Richard Field, Printer, 1589-1624", The Library , 12 ( 1931), 1-35: see also the two relevant articles in Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London : W. R. Le Fanu, "Thomas Vautrollier . . ." ( 20 ( 1958-64.), 12-25), and Colin Clair, "Refugee Printers and Publishers in Britain during the Tudor Period" ( 22 ( 1970-6), 115-26). |
| 10. | Hilton Kelliher, in London Review of Books , 22 May 1986, p. 4. |
| 11. | MS Bodleian, Rawlinson poet. 160, fo. 41, which gives the spelling "Helias Iames". |
| 12. | M. H. Spielmann, The title-page of the First Folio of Shakespeare's Plays ( 1924); S. Schoenbaum, William Shakespeare: Records and Images ( 1981), 168. |
| 13. | MS Bodleian, Arch. F. c. 37. Cf. E. A. J. Honigmann, "Shakespeare and London's Immigrant Community circa 1600", in J. P. Vander Motten (ed.), Elizabethan and Modern Studies ( Gent, 1985), 143-53, esp. 145-6. |
| 14. | George Orwell, "Lear, Tolstoi and the Fool", in Shooting an Elephant ( 1950), 52. |
| 15. | John Stow, A Survey of London , ed. C. L. Kingsford, 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1971), ii. 339 n. |
| 16. | SS, DL 260. WS's parish of St Olave, and Heminges' and Condell's parish of St Mary Aldermanbury, were separated by St Alphage's to the north and to the south by St Alban's. See the descriptions in Stow, Survey ; and Roger Finlay, Population and Metropolis ( Cambridge, 1981), app. 3. |
| 17. | For the twenty-six documents of the Belott-Mountjoy suit unearthed by the Wallaces at the PRO in 1909, C. W. Wallace "New Shakespeare Discoveries", Harper's Monthly Magazine , 120 ( 1910), 489-510 is still useful, as are the accounts in EKC, Facts , ii. 90-5, and in Schoenbaum, Records and Images , 20-39. |
| 18. | PRO, Court of Requests, Documents of Shakespearian Interest Req. 4./1 ( 11 May 1612). |
| 19. | In "Shakespeare and London's Immigrant Community", 149-50. |
| 20. | PRO, Court of Requests, Req. 4./1 ( 11 May 1612). |
| 21. | Ibid. ( 19 June 1612) . |
| 22. | Roger Prior, "The Life of George Wilkins", Shakespeare Survey , 25 ( 1972), 137-52, esp. 151-2. |
| 23. | Schoenbaum, Records and Images , 24. |
| 24. | [ Matthew Gwinn], Vertumnus sive Annus Recurrens Oxonii . . . ( 1607), "Ad Regis . . . tres quasi Sibyllae . . ." , lines 4-5. |
| 25. | Cf. H. N. Paul, The Royal Play of Macbeth ( New York, 1978); and H. Neville Davies, "Jacobean Antony and Cleopatra", Shakespeare Studies , 17 ( 1985), 123-58. |
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| 26. | Terry Eagleton, William Shakespeare ( Oxford, 1986), 2-3. |
| 27. | Peter Millward, Shakespeare's Religious Background ( 1973), 127-33. |
| 28. | Frank Kermode, The Sense of an Ending ( Oxford, 1967), 88. |
| 29. | E. Nungezer, A Dictionary of Actors ( New York, 1929), 20, 74. Evidence that Armin played Lear's Fool is only circumstantial; on this actor's roles, looks, and stature (not that dwarfishness is needed for the part), see David Wiles, Shakespeare's Clown: Actor and Text in the Elizabethan Playhouse ( Cambridge, 1987), 144-63. |
| 30. | Peter Brook, The Shifting Point ( 1988), 87. |
| 31. | Peter Halls's Diaries , ed. John Goodwin ( 1983), 356. |
| 32. | Kenneth Muir, Shakespeares Sources , i. ( 1957), 145. |
| 33. | R. A. Foakes, Hamlet 'versus' Lear ( Cambridge, 1993), 181. |
| 34. | A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures ( 1603), sigs. G4, H1 v , Q3 v , and Aa2 v . |
| 35. | Stephen Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations ( Oxford, 1988), 127. |
| 36. | Ben Jonson , ed. C. H. Herford and P. and E. Simpson, 11 vols. ( Oxford, 1925-52), i. 141. |
| 37. | Janet Adelman, The Common Liar ( New Haven, 1973), 102-21, repr. in Antony and Cleopatra , ed. John Drakakis ( Basingstoke, 1994), 56-77. |
| 38. | Cf. Coriolanus , ed. Brian Parker ( Oxford, 1994), 34-43. |
| 39. | Hazlitt, Characters of Shakespeare's Plays ( 1817). On Timon's monetary theme in relation to the age, see Coppélia Kahn, on "Magic of Bounty", Shakespeare Quarterly , 38 ( 1987), 34-57; A. D. Nuttall, Timon of Athens ( Boston, Mass., 1987); and Michael Chorost, "Biological Finance", English Literary Renaissance , 21 ( 1991), 349-70. |
| 1. | Hugh A. Hanley, "Shakespeare's Family in Stratford Records", TLS , 21 May 1964, p. 441. ( Act Books, Kent County Archives Office.) |
| 2. | Evidence from parish registers as to the ages of women at first marriage is summarized in E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England 1541-1871 ( 1981), 248, 255, and in J. M. Martin study of Stratford's records in Midland History , 7 ( 1982), 27-31, For Anne Hathaway as "long in the tooth" see SS, DL 82-3. |
| 3. | MS Edinburgh, H-P, Coll. 347. Harriet Joseph, Shakespeare's Son-in-Law: John Hall ( Hamden, Conn., 1964), 1-5. Irvine Gray on John Hall "Antecedents", Genealogist's Magazine , 7 ( 1935-7), 344-54. It has been assumed that Hall first came to Stratford 'around 1600'; the earliest record of him in the town is dated 5 June 1607. |
| 4. | Màiri Macdonald, "A New Discovery about Shakespeare's Estate . . .", Shakespeare Quarterly , 45 ( 1994), 87-9. |
| 5. | Harriet Joseph, Shakespeare's Son-in-Law , 59. John Hall, Select Observations on English Bodies , trans. James Cooke ( 1679), 16, 29, 31-4. |
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| 6. | Ann Hughes, "Religion and Society in Stratford upon Avon, 1619-1638", Midland History , 19 ( 1994.), 58-84., esp. 69. |
| 7. | William Hall's will is dated 12 Dec. 1607; Gray, "Antecedents", 345-7. |
| 8. | G. Taylor, "Some Manuscripts of Shakespeare's Sonnets", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library , 68 ( 1985-6), 222-3; John Weever, Epigrammes in the oldest cut, and newest fashion ( 1599), sig. E6 r . |
| 9. | Willobie his Avisa. Or The true Picture of a modest Maid, and of a chast and constant wife ( 1594.), sigs. L1 v -L2. See also R. C. Horne, "Two Unrecorded Contemporary References to Shakespeare", Notes and Queries , 229 ( 1984), 220. |
| 10. | K. Duncan-Jones, "Was the 1609 Shake-speares Sonnets really Unauthorized?", Review of English Studies , NS 34. ( 1983), 151-71. |
| 11. | D. W. Foster, "Master W. H., R. I. P", PMLA 102 ( 1987), 42-54. J. M. Nosworthy, in The Library , 18 ( 1963), 294-8. |
| 12. | As 'rewarde for their private practice in time of infecction', the Crown granted the King's players £40 ( 1609) and £30 (in the winter of 1610-11); they also had receipts from touring. |
| 13. | Gurr, Companies , 294-5. |
| 14. | Ibid. 368 . |
| 15. | Guardian , 8 Apr. 1994. |
| 16. | Emrys Jones, "Stuart Cymbeline", Essays in Criticism , 11 ( 1961), 84; R. Smallwood, "Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon . . .", Shakespeare Quarterly , 41 ( 1990), 104. |
| 17. | Brian Gibbons, Shakespeare and Multiplicity ( Cambridge, 1993), 18-47, esp. 23. |
| 18. | For the (unresolved) spelling debate over 'Imogen' or 'Innogen': S. Wells et al. , William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion ( Oxford, 1987), 604.; John Pitcher, "Names in Cymbeline", Essays in Criticism , 43 ( 1993), 1-16. |
| 19. | Daryl W. Palmer, "Jacobean Muscovites: Winter, Tyranny, and Knowledge in The Winter's Tale", Shakespeare Quarterly , 46 ( 1995), 323-39, esp. 332. |
| 20. | Margaret Hotine, "Contemporary Themes in The Tempest", Notes and Queries , 232 ( 1987), 224-6. |
| 21. | Philip Edwards, Shakespeare and the Confines of Art ( 1968), 151. |
| 22. | EKC, Facts , ii. 219. |
| 23. | Ibid. 214 . |
| 24. | Ibid. 211, 224 . |
| 25. | Brief Lives , ed. Andrew Clark, 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1898), i. 96. |
| 26. | Gurr, Companies , 122. |
| 27. | John Freehafer, "Cardenio, by Shakespeare and Fletcher", PMLA 84 ( 1969), 501-13. |
| 28. | Logan Pearsall Smith, The Life and Letters of Henry Wotton , 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1907), ii. 33. |
| 29. | Douglas Bruster, "The Jailer's Daughter and the Politics of Madwomen's Language", Shakespeare Quarterly , 46 ( 1995), 277-300. |
| 30. | S. Schoenbaum, William Shakespeare: Records and Images ( 1981), 47; EKC, Facts , ii. 154-69. |
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| 31. | Pearsall Smith, Henry Wotlon , ii. 32-3. |
| 32. | King Henry VIII , ed. John Margeson ( Cambridge, 1990), 1-3. |
| 33. | 'A Sonnett upon the pittlful burneing of the Globe playhouse in London', lines 40-2. See EKC, Stage , ii. 421. |
| 1. | EKC, Facts , ii. 268. |
| 2. | Russell Jackson, in "Players of Shakespeare 2", ed. R. Jackson and R. Smallwood ( Cambridge, 1988), 10-11. |
| 3. | MSS SBTRO, BRU 2/1. E. I. Fripp, "Shakespeare: Man and Artist", 2 vols. ( Oxford, 1964), ii. 798-800. |
| 4. | EKC, Facts , ii. 96 ( 9 Sept. 1609). |
| 5. | Cf, Bearman, 44-8. |
| 6. | Fripp, Shakespeare , ii. 813, 839-42; ME 50; SS, DL 289. |
| 7. | Bearman, 56. |
| 8. | Ibid. 52-5. |
| 9. | EKC, Facts , ii. 141 (capitals added). |
| 10. | MS SBTRO, ER 27/3. |
| 11. | MS SBTRO, BRU 15/13/26a-29. For transcriptions of Thomas Greene's diary (with commentary), see C. M. Ingleby, Shakespeare and the Enclosure of Common Fields at Welcombe ( 1885); EKC, Facts , ii. 141-52; S. Schoenbaum, William Shakespeare: Records and Images ( 1981), 64-91. |
| 12. | Bearman, 59, and n. 11 above. |
| 13. | ME132. |
| 14. | After taking his BA at University College, Oxford in 1606, Leonard Digges ( 1588-1635) studied abroad, but returned to be awarded the MA and live at his college. 'To the Memoric of the deceased Authour Maister W. Shakespeare', twenty-two lines long, includes the first known allusion to the poet's monument at Holy Trinity and appears in the 1623 Folio (eighth preliminary leaf). The untitled 'Poets are borne not made . . .', of sixty-eight lines, is a tribute in John Benson's volume of Shakespeare Poems ( 1640). With very minor typographical changes, Digges's two poems are given in EKC, Facts , ii. 231-4. |
| 15. | Fripp, Shakespeare , ii. 833. |
| 16. | MS Edinburgh, H-P Coll. 365. |
| 17. | Worcs., 802/BA 2760, Visitation Act Book 1613-17, fo. 27v. The entry does not concern Judith's absence from the court, only her husband's ('vir cit atus p er Nixon no n comp aruit '), and this document itself applies only to Thomas's penalty. |
| 18. | H. A. Hanley, "Shakespeare's Family in Stratford Records", TLS , 21 May 1964, p. 441. |
| 19. | SS, DL 299. |
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