She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity (101 page)

Lillie, Frank,
371
–72,
374
,
379

lines of Blashko,
350
–51,
356
–58

Linnaeus, Carl,
195
–96,
423
,
474
–75

Lippmann, Walter,
96
–97,
491
–95

Loike, John,
391

Long, Edward,
195

Long, Jeffrey,
209

long QT syndrome,
360
–65

Loving, Mildred and Richard,
202

Lucas, Prosper,
45
–46

luciferin,
406

Luther Burbank Company,
63

Lyell, Charles,
45

Lyme disease,
561

Lyon, Mary,
333
–38,
340
–41,
343

lyonization,
337
–41

Lyons, Derek,
445
–47,
463

Lysenko, Trofim,
500

lysosomes,
418

Maasai people,
570

Macdonald, David,
103

Magellan, Ferdinand,
255

Magnus, Albert,
16

malaria,
246
,
555
–58,
560
–61,
572

mammoths,
226
,
468

Mann Act,
172

mannose-binding lectin protein deficiency,
184
–85

Manuela, Maria,
21

Margulis, Lynn,
418

Marine Society,
256

Martienssen, Robert,
422
,
425
–26,
438
–40,
443
–44,
474
,
566

Mary Lyon Award,
341

master genes,
341
–42

maternal ancestry,
176
–77,
420
,
432
.
See also
mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA

Matienzo, Juan,
19

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,
225

Mbuti people,
255
,
269
–70

McAdams, Nancy,
103

McGrath, Kammy and Sheila,
130

McKim, W. D.,
84
,
85

Mead, Margaret,
461

Meany, Michael,
432
,
433

Medawar, Peter,
375
–76,
379

Medical Research Council,
124
,
333
,
340
–41,
377

Megaselia scalaris
(humpbacked fly),
551
–52

meiosis,
145
–49,
151
–52,
186
–87,
242
,
246
,
542
,
547

melanocytes and melanosomes,
229
,
231

memes,
452
–54

Mendel, Gregor

background,
38
–39

and Davenport's research,
79
–81

and discovery of genes,
132
–33

and
Drosophila
research,
98
–99

early plant experiments,
39
–40,
46
,
152
–53

and embryonic development research,
329

and eugenics ideology,
84

and Fisher's research,
334

and Goddard's research,
82

and height research,
260
–62

and meiosis,
146

and modern concept of heredity,
56
,
59
–60,
63
,
68

and
Peloria
plant,
424

See also
Mendel's Law

Mendel's Law

and blood types,
172
,
174
,
203

and CRISPR technology,
144
,
561

and epigenetics,
438

and evolution of DNA-based life,
137
–38

and gene drives,
154
–56

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
472
–73,
549

and hawkweed research,
152
–53

and height research,
262

and microbial life,
137
–38,
140

and mitochondria,
420

and mosquito control research,
557

and mutagenic chain reaction,
553
–55

and selective breeding,
486

and skin color,
201

Mercado, Luis,
24
–25,
27
,
84

Merikangas, Kathleen,
276
–77

Merrick, Joseph (the Elephant Man),
351
–52,
356

Mesoudi, Alex,
464

Metamorphoses
(Ovid),
484

methyl groups and methylation

and CRISPR system,
489

and epigenetics,
430
–31,
433
–34,
436
–41,
566

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
479

and lyonization,
338

and the
Peloria
plant,
425

and pluripotent cells,
342

Metzger, Michael,
397

microbiome,
407
–10,
410
–17

microchimerism,
388
–90

microRNAs,
392
,
393

microsatellites,
381
,
393

Mitalipov, Shoukhrat,
517
,
530
–32,
537
–38

Mitchell, Kevin,
437

mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA

and chimerism,
399
–400

and development of CRISPR technology,
523

and environmental influences,
466

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
472

and human/Neanderthal interbreeding,
244

and mitochondrial replacement therapy,
517
–22,
542
,
548

and mosaic cancers,
354

and Neanderthals,
239

and ooplasm transfers,
513
–15

origin and evolution of,
417
–21

and origin of eukaryotes,
144

and tracing lineages,
176
–79,
190
–92

mitosis,
144
–45,
148

Model Animal Research Center,
496

Model Eugenical Sterilization Law,
528

Montagu, Ashley,
207

Montaigne, Michel de,
23
–26

Morgan, Thomas Hunt,
97
–101,
123
,
125
–26,
133
,
147
,
204
–5,
426
,
499
,
550
–51

morons,
73
,
78
,
82
,
87
,
89
–90,
102
,
105
,
567
.
See also
feeblemindedness

mosaicism

and aneuploidy,
367
–68

and chimerism,
389
,
392
–93,
396

diagnostic complication resulting from,
360
–66

discovery of,
348
–52

early research on,
352
–54

and embryonic development,
355
–56

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
472
,
549

and hemimegalencephaly,
359
–60

and human germ line engineering,
525
,
531

mosaic healing,
366
–67

and neurons,
368
–69

and Proteus syndrome,
356
–57

and skin conditions,
357
–59

mosquito control research,
555
–61,
572
–74

Mount Carmel,
244
–45

mulattoes,
197
,
200
–202

Mulchinock, Karen,
505
–6,
530

Muller, Hermann,
499
–504,
507
,
534
–35,
537
,
539
–40,
548

Mulligan, Tim,
422
,
426

Murchison, Elizabeth,
391
–98

muscular dystrophy,
340
,
367
,
512

Musk, Elon,
497

mussels,
398
,
421

mutations

and alleles,
125
–26

beneficial,
149
–50

and causes of PKU,
131
,
132

and chimerism,
392
,
394
–99

and CRISPR research,
490
,
496
,
531
–32,
538
–40,
542

and diagnosis of hereditary diseases,
133
–34

and
Drosophila
research,
97
–99,
499

and embryonic development,
331

and endosymbiosis,
410

and epigenetics,
438

and evolution of DNA-based life,
139

and fertility science,
504
–6,
535
–36

and gene drives,
153
–56,
572

and genetic testing and counseling,
3
,
5

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
472
,
475
–77

and genome sequencing,
184
–85

and Habsburg interbreeding,
26

and height research,
272
–73,
275
,
278
–81,
283
–85

and human germ line engineering,
525
,
528

and human/Neanderthal interbreeding,
247

and intelligence research,
301
,
305

and Lyon's research,
333
–38

and microbiomes,
415

and mitochondria,
420
–21,
517
,
520
–22

and modern concept of heredity,
59
–62

and mosaicism,
350
,
354
–69

and Muller's research,
499
–502

and mutagenic chain reaction,
550
–55,
558

mutation load,
539
–40

and Neanderthal DNA,
239

and the
Peloria
plant,
424
–25

and plant domestication,
492
–95

and selective breeding,
486

and skin color variations,
229
,
231

and spread of genetic variations,
210

and tracing lineages,
176
–77,
179
–81,
190
–91,
193

and in vitro gametogenesis,
548

The
Mutation Theory
(de Vries),
60
–61

MYBPC3 gene,
531

myeloid cells,
345

Myerson, Abraham,
97

Nadeau, Joseph,
280

Nägeli, Carl,
40
,
56

Nanog gene,
342

Napp, Cyrill Franz,
38
–41

nardoo,
448
–49

Nathans, Jeremy,
339

National Academy of Sciences,
521
,
524
,
527
,
530
,
561

National Center for Antimicrobial and Infection Control (Denmark),
142

National Center for Human Genome Research,
133

National Institute of Mental Health,
301

National Institutes of Health,
510
–11,
526

National Origins Act,
93
–94

natural selection

Darwin's development of theory,
44

and endosymbiosis,
410

and evolution of DNA-based life,
139

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
475
–78

and height,
269

and human-altered environments,
468

and impact of CRISPR technology,
539
–40

and mutation load,
501

and skin color,
230

and Weismann's germ line theory,
57

nature vs. nurture,
245
,
263
,
298
,
304
,
434

Nazism,
94
–95,
100
,
121
,
123
,
211
,
312
–13,
337
,
497
–501

Neanderthals,
234
–36,
238
–40,
240
–48,
465

Nelson, Lee,
389
,
390

neural crest cells,
343
–44

neurofibromatosis,
356

neurogenesis,
346
–47

neurotransmitters,
301
,
389

New Jersey State Institution for Feeble-Minded Women,
91

Newman, Horatio,
297

Newton, Isaac,
137

New York Genome Center,
186
,
190

Niakan, Kathy,
526
–27

Nicholas II of Russia,
175
,
177
,
420

Nielsen, Rasmus,
248

Nootka people,
470
–71,
567

Norman, Tom,
351

Not Only Genes
(Bonduriansky and Day),
474
–76

Novinski, Mstislav,
395

Nowell, Peter,
353
–54

nuclear weapons,
333
,
335
,
346

nuclei of cells

discovery of,
55

and embryonic development,
328
,
330