Read Stalin and His Hangmen Online
Authors: Donald Rayfield
Tags: #Biography & Autobiography, #Historical, #History, #Modern, #20th Century, #Europe, #General
Rakovsky, Khristian,
174
Ranković, Aleksandar,
439
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922),
254
Rapava, Akvsenti,
326
,
350
,
417
,
438
,
453
Raskolnikov (Ilin), Fiodor,
90
,
460
Ratner, Jenka,
427
Razgon, Lev,
290
Red Army: created by Trotsky,
54
,
66
; clothing and equipment shortages,
75
; Cheka killings in,
79
; and ‘
spetsy
’,
85
–6; defeated by Poles,
88
; evades Stalin’s control,
107
; and repression of peasants,
110
,
177
; potential opposition to Stalin,
228
–9; pre-war collaboration with Germans,
254
,
313
; leadership purged,
277
,
313
–16,
349
,
381
,
385
; lacks moral restraints,
286
; in Winter War against Finland,
365
,
370
,
379
; setbacks at German invasion (1941),
377
–9; intelligence services destroyed,
381
–2; monitored and persecuted in war,
384
–5; wartime success,
387
; casualties,
389
,
395
; post-war behaviour,
404
; post-war repression of,
409
Red Sword, The
(journal),
71
Redens, Stanislav,
91
,
191
,
221
,
275
,
336
,
345
Reilly, Sidney (Shlomo Rozenblium),
138
–9,
466
religion: state campaign against,
119
–24,
190
,
245
Removér (Hungarian woman chekist),
80
Riabushinsky, Pavel,
161
–2
Ribbentrop, Joachim von,
254
,
354
,
361
,
369
Riumin, Mikhail,
380
,
432
–4,
436
,
438
,
441
,
443
–4,
455
–6,
484
Riutin, Martemian,
154
,
231
–4,
472
Robakidze, Grigol,
341
,
343
,
479
;
The
Murdered Soul
,
22
,
435
Robeson, Paul,
437
Rodos, Boris,
328
–9,
347
–8,
453
,
478
Röhm, Erich,
253
Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin,
407
Rolland, Romain,
215
,
222
–3,
311
,
471
,
477
Romanov dynasty: tercentenary (1913),
39
–40; family killed,
95
Romm, Mikhail,
437
Ronchevsky (lawyer),
74
Roosevelt: and Soviet anti-Jewish measures,
370
; embraces Stalin as ally,
378
; attends Yalta conference,
394
;
supposed demand for end to collectivization,
405
Roskin, Grigori,
421
Rosół, Antek,
60
Rossel (Swedish engineer),
261
Rozanov, Dr Pavel,
115
Rozanov, Vasili:
The Apocalypse of Our
Time
,
127
Rozenblium, Anna,
348
Rukhadze, Nikolai,
380
,
438
,
441
,
443
–5,
456
Rumer, Iuri,
356
Russell, Bertrand,
208
Russia: defeats Turkey (1877),
4
; Japan defeats (1905),
4
; revolutionary conditions,
4
; parliament (Duma) formed,
30
–2; tolerance of revolutionaries,
31
–2; corruption and weakness in,
32
–3,
36
; and move to World War I,
32
–3; provisional government (1917),
42
,
53
; in World War I,
42
,
53
,
81
;
see also
Soviet Union
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers and the Proletarian Theatre,
166
Russian General Warriors’ Union,
170
–1
Russian Liberation Army (Vlasovites),
403
Russian Social Democrat Party, clandestine congress (Tampere, Finland, 1905),
28
Rustaveli, Shota,
340
–1
Rutherford, Ernest, Baron,
168
,
418
Rykov, Aleksei: Stalin meets,
39
; in Politbiuro,
67
; made Prime Minister on Lenin’s death,
93
; attitude to Dzierżyński,
97
; reads works for publication,
118
; and campaign against Church,
122
; and succession to Lenin,
145
; Bukharin and,
153
,
154
; peasant policy,
181
–2; ousted by Stalin,
195
,
356
; and Iagoda,
204
,
276
; replaced by Molotov,
230
; cited in Kamenev-Zinoviev trial,
268
; under threat,
273
; and Ezhov,
290
; trial,
307
,
309
–10
Sablin, Nikolai,
172
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de,
46
Sadzghelashvili, Giorgi,
9
Saenko (chekist executioner),
80
Safonov, Grigori,
451
Saianov, Vissarion,
419
St Petersburg
see
Leningrad
Sajaia, Aleksi (‘Dr Kalinichenko’),
68
,
345
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail:
The Tale of
the Zealous Leader
,
312
Samara,
388
Savonarola, Girolamo,
119
Schacht, Hjalmar,
256
Schneiderovich, Dr,
47
Schulenburg, Count Fredrich Werner von der,
381
,
387
science: controlled,
280
–1,
355
–6;
see also
atom bomb
Sechenov, Ivan,
168
Sedov, Lev (Trotsky’s son),
147
,
172
,
325
Sedov, Sergei (Trotsky’s son),
478
Sedova, Natalia (Trotsky’s second wife),
14
,
90
,
121
,
173
Semionov, M.I.,
304
Serge, Victor,
215
Sergei, Grand Duke: assassinated,
65
Sergi (Ivan Stargorodsky), Patriarch,
123
,
405
Serov, Ivan,
346
,
391
,
394
,
399
–400,
418
,
448
,
454
Shaginian, Marinetta,
474
Shakhmatov, Aleksei,
115
Shakhty trial,
140
,
156
,
158
–9,
210
Shakhurin, Aleksei,
416
Shapiro (Stalin’s dentist),
47
,
461
Shaposhnikov, Boris,
314
Shatunovskaia, Lidia,
423
Shavdia, Teimuraz,
438
Shaw, George Bernard,
222
–3,
271
Shchastny, Admiral A.M.,
114
Sheboldaev, Boris,
187
Shifris,
476
Shkiriatov, Matvei,
190
,
322
,
429
,
431
,
433
Shliapnikov, Aleksandr,
100
,
131
Sholokhov, Mikhail,
190
–1,
215
–16,
270
,
321
–2,
326
;
Quiet Flows the Don
,
321
Shostakovich, Dmitri,
219
Shpigelglas, Sergei,
325
Shtein, Boris,
353
Shtein, I.V.,
296
Shtemenko, General Sergei,
438
,
448
Shubin, S.P.,
356
Shubniakov, Fiodor,
428
Shulgin, Vasili,
139
Shumiatsky, Boris,
480
Shvartsman, Lev,
346
–7,
353
,
433
–4,
440
,
453
,
479
,
483
Sidney Street (London), siege of (1911),
69
Sikharulidze (Beria’s bodyguard),
344
Sikorski, Władysław,
368
–9,
424
–5
Simonov, Konstantin,
406
Skoblin, General Nikolai,
172
Slánský, Rudolf,
441
–2
Slutsky, Abram,
297
SMERSH (‘Death to Spies’),
383
,
401
–3
Smilga, Ivar,
173
Smirnov, Aleksandr,
29
Smirnov-Svetlovsky, Piotr,
349
Snesarev, Andrei,
85
Social Revolutionaries,
66
–9,
84
Sokolnikov (Hirsch), Grigori,
129
,
268
Sokolovsky, Ilia,
115
Solovetsky islands (Solovki),
211
,
343
,
466
Solvychegodsk,
34
–5
Soprunenko, Piotr Karpovich,
363
–6,
397
Sorge, Richard,
381
,
387
,
389
,
480
Soviet Union (USSR): population decline,
81
; death rates,
82
; death penalty abolished and reintroduced,
95
–6,
114
,
422
,
431
; deports intellectuals,
116
–17; size of bureaucracy,
130
–1; dealings with foreign countries,
171
; economic weakness,
174
; rebellions in,
191
; German military collaboration with,
254
–5; science and technology in,
280
–1,
355
–6; acquiescence in terror,
285
–6; Germans invade (1941),
361
,
377
; wartime scorched earth policy,
389
,
395
; wartime casualties,
395
;
see
also
Great Patriotic War; Russia
‘Special sessions’ (
oso
),
250
Speer, Albert, xix
Stalin, Joseph (born Ioseb Jughashvili): compared with Hitler,
xviii
-
xix
,
251
–4; birth and background,
4
–9,
13
–16; autodidacticism and schooling,
9
–10; ill-health and accidents,
9
,
46
–7; nicknames and pseudonyms,
9
,
21
,
28
,
29
,
30
; attends Tbilisi seminary,
10
–13; atheism,
12
,
423
; embraces Marxism,
12
–13; illegitimate children,
13
,
35
,
41
; accent and languages,
15
–16,
21
; writes poetry,
15
,
17
–20,
107
; interest in literature and theatre,
16
–18,
20
,
110
,
166
–7,
359
; adopts name Koba,
18
,
27
; religious ideas,
19
,
56
; erudition and reading,
20
–4; exiles and imprisonments,
20
,
26
–7,
30
–1,
33
–5,
40
–2,
64
; organizes tram workers’ strike (1900),
24
,
27
; early revolutionary activities,
25
–8,
30
; appearance,
26
; suspected of being police collaborator,
27
,
29
,
37
,
48
–9; attends congresses of Russian Social Democrat Party,
28
–30; relations and marriage with Kato Svanidze,
28
–9,
45
; meets future associates,
29
,
38
–9; writes political works,
29
,
38
,
49
; expelled from Social Democrat Party for terrorism,
30
; son by Kato,
30
; travels to see Lenin in Germany and Switzerland,
30
; relations with Stefaniia Petrovskaia,
34
–5; and Polina Onufrieva,
35
,
45
,
59
; in Kraków and Vienna,
38
–9,
43
; organizes Bolshevik campaign for
4
th Duma election,
38
; personal manner,
38
–9,
42
,
98
; rise to power,
39
,
56
,
98
,
124
–8,
130
–4,
145
; seduces Lidia Pereprygina,
41
–2,
45
; correspondence with Demian Bedny,
43
–4,
88
–90,
131
; devotion to Lenin,
43
–4,
49
; friendlessness and isolation,
43
,
49
,
90
; relationships with wives and children,
44
–6; austerity,
46
,
87
; marriage to Nadezhda,
46
; sexual life,
46
; ruthlessness,
47
–50,
82
,
86
,
244
–5; arrives in Petrograd (1917),
53
; in joint purge with Cheka in Petrograd (June 1919),
70
; early terror methods,
81
; Dzierżyński works with,
85
,
87
–90,
98
; in Tsaritsyn,
85
,
85
–7,
87
; feud with Trotsky,
86
,
92
,
100
,
131
–2,
202
; and war with Poland,
88
; disparages Georgia,
89
; in succession to Lenin,
93
,
125
–6,
145
–6,
148
; and Cheka in peacetime,
94
–5; economic ineptness,
97
; Dzierżyński’s disillusion with,
100
; and Menzhinsky,
106
–7,
110
; collectivization policy,
107
,
148
; campaign against peasants,
111
,
130
,
146
–52,
175
,
179
,
182
,
185
,
187
,
191
,
207
; reads military works for publication,
118
–19; suppresses Orthodox Church,
119
–20,
122
–3; official posts,
124
–5,
130
; recruits personnel,
124
; Lenin condemns in testament,
126
; eliminates rivals,
130
,
153
,
155
,
280
; has prisoners shot,
130
; debates at Party gatherings,
131
; dispute with Zinoviev and Kamenev,
132
–4; dominates OGPU,
132
,
140
–1; and Savinkov’s death,
138
; show trials and reprisals,
139
–40,
156
–60,
305
; suspicion of Britain,
139
; holidays,
140
,
267
,
293
,
338
,
409
,
414
,
421
; expedition to Siberia (1928),
145
,
148
–9; Bukharin conspires against,
153
–5; campaign against intelligentsia and scientists,
164
–6,
352
–3,
358
,
408
,
419
; and OGPU operations abroad,
170
–1; fiftieth birthday celebrations,
174
; inaugurates five-year plans,
174
,
177
; kulaks write to,
181
; covers up famine stories,
189
; Gorky likens to flea,
193
; dictatorship,
195
–6,
280
–1; bodyguards,
198
; promotes Ezhov,
200
,
292
–3; and Gorky’s return from Capri,
209
–12,
214
; feud with Bukharin,
215
; made editor of
Izvestiia
,
215
; views on art,
216
,
224
,
252
; vilifies Shostakovich,
219
; and Gorky’s death,
221
; impresses Rolland,
222
; lampooned by writers,
225
; prospective coups against,
229
–32; and wife’s suicide,
233
–4; assassination fears,
234
–5,
281
; anti-terrorist decree,
239
–40; and Kirov murder,
239
–40,
242
–4; Great Terror campaign,
244
–5,
249
,
285
,
304
,
312
,
323
; acts against supposed Kirov conspirators,
246
–7; mocked in Prezent’s diary,
249
–50; anti-Semitism,
254
,
423
–7,
429
,
436
; secret dealings with Hitler,
256
; fondness for Kollontai,
259
–60; exploits family values,
261
–2; policy on children,
262
–3; and Morozov affair,
263
; and trial and execution of Kamenev and Zinoviev,
266
–72; attacks Iagoda,
275
; hymn-singing,
285
; and Lakoba’s murder,
295
; Russian chauvinism,
297
; authorizes torture methods,
298
,
300
,
349
; and Bukharin’s trial,
307
–11; purges Red Army officers,
312
–16; purges Comintern,
316
–17; and Ezhov’s downfall and execution,
327
–9; advances Beria,
337
–8; admires Gamsakhurdia’s writings,
344
; relations with Beria,
345
; protects Zemliachka,
347
; and Beria’s NKVD operations,
350
–1; pact with Hitler (1939),
351
,
359
; and Spanish Civil War,
351
–2; change in personality and administration (1939),
359
; and occupation and division of Poland,
362
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; and fate of Polish officers,
369
; and cinema,
371
–2,
420
; disbelieves Hitler’s invasion of USSR,
371
,
381
–2,
387
–8; recasts Russian nationalism,
371
; welcomes death of Trotsky,
373
–4; wartime administration and appointments,
378
–80,
383
,
390
; ageing and health decline,
379
,
409
,
413
,
430
,
436
; concedes Soviet lack of atom bomb,
382
; introduces execution by public hanging,
384
; and effect of war on Soviet society,
387
; infrequency of visits to front,
390
; detests Ingush and Chechens,
392
; attends Yalta conference,
394
; and prisoner of war deaths,
396
; post-war regime and tyranny,
403
–4,
413
–14; and rehabilitation of Church,
405
; and biology,
413
; and linguistics,
413
; and atomic bomb project,
418
; abolishes death penalty (1947),
422
; campaign against Leningrad,
430
–2; paranoia,
430
,
436
; and ‘Doctors’ plot’,
433
,
435
–6; bullies Ignatiev,
434
; succession question,
435
; death,
437
,
442
; orders purges in eastern Europe,
439
–41; atrocities revealed after death,
445
; legacy,
457
–8; terror unexpiated,
457
; ‘Marxism and the Nationalist Question’,
38
;
Short Course
,
227
,
385