Stalin and His Hangmen (96 page)

NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs): Lācis and,
71
; Iagoda heads,
236
; composition,
264
; Ezhov heads and reconstitutes,
264
,
274
–5,
287
,
293
,
295
–8,
329
,
345
; reformed,
265
; Stalin criticizes,
265
–6; Beria purges,
297
–8; role in Great Terror,
298
–300,
303
–4; numbers and origins of convictions and executions,
301
–3; Soviet elite’s attitude to,
323
; Beria’s appointment to,
325
–6,
333
,
345
; role altered,
326
; power,
333
; purged and reformed by Beria,
345
–9; agents in Spanish Civil War,
352
; and massacre of Polish officers,
363
–4,
366
–7; wartime killings,
389
; and ethnic deportations,
394
–5; and prisoner of war deaths,
396
; and nationalist resistance,
398
; and nuclear programme,
417

Nobel, Emmanuel,
161
,
336

Nogin, Viktor,
472

Noorden, Dr Carl von,
293

Nor Dar
(
New Century
: journal),
26

North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO),
413

Norway: Kollontai in,
259
–61; Trotsky in,
271
; and Piatakov trial,
306

Norwood, Melita,
417

Novikov, Marshal of Aviation Aleksandr,
416

Novosibirsk,
298
–300

Nuremberg trials,
xvii
,
xx
,
369
,
384
,
395
,
421

Nuri Pasha,
482

Odessa,
426

Ogoltsov, Sergei,
370
,
417
,
428
,
439
–40,
443
,
445
,
455
,
484

Ogoniok
(magazine),
35

OGPU (United State Political Directorate): Dzierżyński co-chairs,
98
; recruitment and staffing,
103
–4,
137
; killings,
128
,
130
,
151
–2,
177
,
235
; mail and telephone interceptions,
128
; reformed,
129
–30,
135
–6,
138
–9; Stalin
monitors,
132
,
140
–1,
198
; counter-intelligence operations,
140
; in campaign against peasants,
148
–51,
179
–81,
183
,
185
,
187
; acts against Trotsky,
155
; and show trials,
162
; Stanislavskian methods,
166
; campaign against literature and scientists,
167
–9,
224
,
226
; operations abroad,
170
–2; members killed,
173
; controls slave labour,
176
–2; executes cannibals,
189
; evades Stalin’s control,
197
; Iagoda’s work in,
203
–4; and Union of Writers’ congress,
217
; supervises Red Army,
229
; and formation of NKVD,
236

Okhranka,
36
,
38
,
40
,
48
–9

Okulicki, General Leopold,
399
–400

Olberg, W.,
268

‘Old Bolsheviks’,
8

Oleinikov, Nikolai,
320

Onufrieva, Pelageiia (Polina),
35
,
45
,
59
,
460

Opperput (Staunitz), Eduard,
137
–8,
170

Orakhelashvili, Mamia (Ivane),
311
,
337
–8

Orakhelashvili, Mariam,
337

Orgbiuro,
125

Oriol,
62
–3,
388

Orjonikidze, Sergo (Grigol): death,
xxiii
,
308
,
312
,
333
–4,
477
; Georgian background,
15
,
294
; joins Stalin’s circle,
30
,
39
,
90
–1; in prison with Stalin,
33
–4; passes message from Lenin to Stalin,
36
; and Voroshilov’s Polish defeat,
88
; Georgia policy,
89
; letter from Dzierżyński on Trotsky,
132
; works with Stalin,
154
,
196
–7; controls economy,
195
; and supposed plots and opposition,
229
–30; protects Lominadze,
230
–1; and sentence on Riutin,
233
; and Kirov murder,
240
; and Nadezhda’s suicide,
241
; and Stalin’s campaign of terror,
245
; supports Beria,
337
–8; allows Robakidze to travel abroad,
341
; and Georgian writers,
343
; family and staff persecuted by Beria,
347
; Beria accused of acting against,
451

Orlov, Aleksandr,
313
,
325
,
353
,
373
,
473

Orlov, Dmitri,
298

Orthodox Church: state campaign against,
73
,
119
–24,
245
,
286
; rehabilitated after war,
405

Osetians,
5
,
392
,
459

Osinsky (Obolensky), Valerian,
117

Osten, Maria,
353

Ostroumov, V.,
317

Ostrovsky, Aleksandr,
xxii
,
460

Otrepiev, Grisha (Dimitri the Pretender),
465

Our Echo
(journal),
106

Ovchinnikov, P.I.,
304

Ozolin (chekist),
78

Ozolinš, Ernest,
37

Pachulia, Chichiko,
486

Panwitz, General von,
403

‘Parallel anti-Soviet Trotskyist Centre’,
306

Paraputs (Lācis’s nephew),
71

Pares, Sir Bernard,
175

Pargolovo,
301

Parnas, Iakov,
429

Pastanogov, Konstantin,
299

Pasternak, Boris: abandons lyric poetry,
165
; compares Moscow with Nero’s Rome,
197
; at Union of Writers first congress,
217
; on Mayakovsky’s suicide,
218
; resumes lyrical writing,
223
; avoids political reality,
225
; refuses to sign petitions for executions,
270
; translates Mitsishvili,
342
; attends 1935 writers’ congress,
352
,
480
; Koltsov accuses,
353
; on war,
377
; poem to Tsvetaeva,
406
; wartime publication,
406
–7; outside influences on,
426
;
Second Birth
,
224
; ‘A Terrible Fairy Story’,
377

Pauker, Ana,
401

Pauker, Karl,
198
–9,
204
,
239
,
242
,
270
,
475

Paul, Tsar,
472

Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von,
396
,
483

Pavlenko, Piotr,
319

Pavlov, Ivan,
115
,
168
–9,
468

Pavlova, Anna,
261

Pavlovich (chekist),
95

peasants: campaign against,
105
–6,
110
–11,
146
–52,
175
–83,
191
,
207
; death from starvation,
120
,
130
,
183
,
187
–8; grain reserves,
131
; categorized,
147
; as slave labour,
176
–9,
186
; mortality,
185
–6; resettled,
187
; writers fail to support,
222
;
see also
collectivization; kulaks

‘Pekinese’ (woman chekist),
80

Perelmuter, Major Iakov,
320

Pereprygin family,
41

Pereprygina, Lidia,
41
–2,
45
,
460

Peshkov, Max,
210
,
220
,
277
,
279

Peshkov, Zinovi (Sverdlov’s brother),
209
,
470

Peshkova, Ekaterina,
209
–10,
221
,
258

Peshkova, Timosha,
210
,
219
–21,
259
,
278
,
280

Peterss, Jekabs,
69
–70,
79
,
84
,
95
,
137
,
139
,
169
,
209
,
297

Peterss, Maisie (Jekabs’s daughter),
70
,
462

Petrograd
see
Leningrad

Petrov, General Ivan,
289
,
396
–7

Petrovskaia, Stefaniia,
34
–5

Petrovsky, Grigori,
23
,
460

Philby, Kim,
382

Piaktov, Peter (‘Peter the Painter’),
69

Piatakov, Georgi,
100
,
126
,
159
,
262
,
268
,
272
,
296
,
306

Piatnitsky, Osip,
317
,
478

Pieck, Wilhelm,
316

Pikel, R.V.,
267

Pilchau, Baron Romuald Pillar von,
74
,
137
–8,
296

Pilniak, Boris,
165
,
211
,
321
,
354

Piłsudski, Marshal Józef,
68
,
88
,
100
,
191
,
464

Pioneers (children’s organization),
262

Planck, Max,
355

Platonov, Andrei (novelist),
321
,
354

Platonov, Sergei (historian),
155
,
169
–70,
468

Plekhanov, Giorgi,
29

Pletniov, Dr Dmitri,
220
,
356
,
388
,
436
,
484

Plevitskaia-Skoblina, Nadezhda,
172

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin,
73

Podvoisky, Nikolai,
202

Pogrebinsky, Matvei,
296

Pokrovsky, Mikhail,
168
–70,
371

Poland: defeats Red Army (1920),
68
,
87
; proposed incorporation in USSR,
68
; peace treaty with USSR,
110
; OGPU successes in,
171
; German-Soviet hostility to,
254
,
256
; German-Soviet division of,
359
,
361
–2,
373
; Home Army (Armija Krajowa),
398
–400; post-war killings and deportations from,
398
–400; communist government,
400

Poles: killed by NKVD,
302
; persecuted and deported,
360
,
364
,
368
; fight against Nazi Germany,
369
;
see also
Katyn forest massacres

Poliansky, Piotr,
123

Politbiuro,
67
,
98

Pollitt, Harry,
316

Polynov, Boris,
355

Polynov, Nikolai,
251

Popolo d’Italia
(newspaper),
312

Poskriobyshev, Aleksandr,
21
,
184
,
198
,
426
,
436

Potiomkin, Vladimir,
353

Potsdam agreement (1945),
409

Pravda
(newspaper): Stalin writes for,
42
; under Mekhlis’s editorship,
199
,
384
; attacks Shostakovich,
219
; reports Kamenev-Zinoviev trial,
272
; attacks Bukharin,
308
; anti-Jewish campaign,
436
–7

Preobrazhensky, Evgeni,
98
,
174

Prezent, Isai,
357

Prezent, Mikhail,
249
–50

Prianishnikov, Dmitri,
358

Pribludny, Ivan,
167

Primakov, General Vitali,
177
,
314

prisoners of war: Soviet,
395
–6,
402
; German,
396
–7

Prokofiev, Georgi,
353

Prompartiia trial,
140
,
160
,
162
–3

Proskurov, Iosif,
388

Przhevalsky, Nikolai,
7
,
355

Pushkin, Aleksandr,
218
,
226
–7

Putin, Vladimir,
xx
-
xxi

Putna, General Vitovt,
314

Puzitsky, Sergei,
xx

Qazbegi, Aleksandre:
The Parricide
,
18
,
33

Rabinovich (Bliumkin’s friend),
297

Radek, Karl: praises Cheka terror,
79
; and Dzierżyński’s ambitions for post in Poland,
88
; and women,
90
; on modifying effect of executions,
130
; Trotskyism,
174
,
468
; anti-Semitism,
254
; Kollontai breaks with,
260
; cited in Kamenev-Zinoviev trial,
268
; trial,
296
,
306
–8; killed,
306
; and Koltsov,
353

Radzivilovsky, Aleksandr,
302

Raikh, Zinaida,
321
,
354

Raikhman, Leonid,
346
,
353
,
370
,
424
,
426
,
454

Rajk, László,
440
–1

Rákosi, Mátyás,
440
–1,
446
,
450
,
485