66
–67
Nazi Germany: in Anti-Comintern Pact,
154
collaborators in occupied territories,
232
collapse of,
231
,
247
invasion of Czechoslovakia,
164
invasion of Poland,
169
–170
invasion of Soviet Union,
173
,
176
,
187
–188,
198
–202
military production of,
186
–187
in Munich
Agreement,
163
–164,
167
occupation of Europe,
173
,
174
-Soviet non-aggression pact,
165
–169,
174
Stalin’s overtures to,
164
–166
in Tripartite Pact,
174
.
See also
Soviet-German Front
Nevsky, Aleksandr,
242
New Economic Policy (NEP): under collective leadership,
81
,
82
,
110
under Lenin,
7
,
64
–65
party infighting over,
87
,
88
Stalin’s restructuring of,
100
–104
New York Times
,
271
Nicholas II, abdication of,
42
Nicolaevsky, Boris,
22
Nikolaev, Leonid: background of,
129
–130
execution of relatives,
351
n68
motives for Kirov’s murder,
130
–131
murder of Kirov,
128
–129,
131
–132,
351
n68
prior detentions by NKVD,
132
NKVD: fabricated evidence of,
140
formation of,
125
in Kirov murder investigation,
131
–133
in Kremlin Affair,
139
Order No.00447,
150
purge of,
140
,
160
in Trotsky murder,
174
Yezhov’s direction of Terror,
157
,
158
–159
Nomenklatura: new stock,
147
privileged lifestyle of,
320
purge of,
139
–140,
144
,
150
,
282
–283,
304
,
320
Stalin’s control over,
36
–37,
147
–148
Stalin’s reorganization of,
178
Norway, German occupation of,
174
Nuclear development,
293
,
297
October Revolution,
8
,
50
–53
anniversary of,
217
–219
Onufrieva, Pelageia,
251
–252
Order No. 227,
223
Order No. 270,
210
Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinovich:
66
,
82
,
192
, Gallery
7
biography of,
343
n55
on Central Committee expulsion of left opposition,
90
on factional disputes,
106
–107
and “Georgian Affair,”
71
,
73
health of,
102
on industrialization,
109
and Lenin-Stalin conflict,
73
on peasant uprisings,
115
in power struggle,
76
in Stalin faction,
105
suicide of,
140
,
177
Ordzhonikidze, Zinaida,
253
Orlov, A. Ya.,
289
Osinsky, Valerian Valerianovich,
85
–86,
345
n92
Ostrovskii, Aleksandr,
19
Panic-mongers and cowards, campaign against,
223
Parade of Our Troops on Moscow’s Red Square on 7 November 1941
(film),
218
–219
Party apparat.
See
Nomenklatura
Patricide, The
(Kazbegi),
17
Paulus, Friedrich,
225
,
258
Pavlov, Dmitry,
208
Peasants: currency reform impact on,
278
and famines,
38
,
116
,
117
–122
income of,
353
n16
postwar discontent of,
262
forced resettlement of,
38
,
322
revolts of,
110
,
113
–115,
323
taxation of,
302
working conditions of,
324
–325.
See also
Agriculture
Kulaks
Penal colonies,
38
Penalty battalions,
223
,
237
,
242
Pereprygina, Lidiia,
30
,
31
,
252
,
338
n60
Peter the Great, Stalin’s view of,
94
,
95
Petrograd Soviet,
43
,
44
,
52
Petrovskaia, Stefaniia,
251
Petrovsky, Grigory,
177
Plato,
95
Plekhanov, Georgy,
94
Poland: Civil War campaign in,
59
–61
in Communist bloc,
281
,
297
German invasion of,
169
–170
and German-Soviet non-aggression pact,
166
Katyn massacre,
170
postwar settlement in,
245
,
248
Warsaw uprising,
244
Politburo: abolition of,
305
–306
eavesdropping on members,
145
,
353
n10
execution of members,
144
,
177
expulsion of leftist opposition,
84
–86
independence in day-to-day work,
310
–311
power struggle in,
75
–81,
86
–87
reorganizations of leadership,
66
,
177
–179,
303
replaced during Great Terror,
177
–178
Stalin’s appointment to,
54
Stalin’s dictatorial powers approved by,
180
–181
Stalin’s domination of,
144
–147,
176
–177,
241
voting process in,
370
n66
wartime domestic duties of,
240
–241
and wartime leadership,
203
,
204
,
205
,
206
,
207
,
238
,
241
and world revolution,
77
–78
young generation in,
177
,
181
.
See also
Collective leadership
Popular front against fascism,
135
Poskrebyshev, Aleksandr,
255
,
329
Postyshev, Pavel,
177
Pravda
,
44
,
51
,
79
,
89
,
93
,
113
,
155
,
193
,
236
,
308
,
314
Presidential Archive of the Russian Federation (APRF),
xiv
Presidium, of Central Committee,
305
–306,
312
Presidium Bureau, of Central Committee,
306
,
311
,
312
Preventive war theory,
183
,
184
Prisoners of war: German,
231
Soviet,
210
Private peasant plots,
7
,
111
,
112
,
124
,
278
Prosveshchenie
(
Enlightenment
) (magazine),
94
Provisional Government: crackdown on Bolsheviks,
48
–49
formation of,
42
and Kornilov mutiny,
49
–50
overthrow of,
45
,
50
–53
socialist support for,
43
Purges: during Civil War,
56
–59
under collective leadership,
89
Doctors’ Plot,
196
,
307
–309,
314
Leningrad Affair,
144
,
282
–283,
310
Mingrelian Affair,
304
–305,
314
–315
of Molotov’s wife,
283
–284,
314
of nomenklatura,
139
–140,
144
,
150
,
282
–283,
304
,
320
rehabilitation of victims,
314
–315
Shakhty Affair,
107
of state security,
34
–35,
36
,
40
,
303
–304.
See also
Terror
Radzinsky, Edvard,
ix
,
338
n1
Rajk, Laszlo,
281
Rakosi, Matyas,
196
,
290
,
297
Rape, by Red Army,
234
–235
Rationing, abolition of,
275
,
278
Razin, Ye. A.,
264
,
265
Reconciliation campaign,
135
–136
Red Army: anti–government sentiment of peasant recruits,
105
in Baltic states,
170
–171
Berlin operation of,
246
–247
in Civil War,
55
–56,
59
–61
crimes against civilians,
234
–236
in Eastern Europe,
244
in Finland (Winter War),
172
–173,
186
growth of,
185
–186
in Japanese border clashes,
163
modernization of,
183
–184
in Poland,
170
postwar buildup,
297
–298
purge of,
155
,
161
,
162
–163,
186
,
355
n31
Stalin’s critique of command,
186
,
219
,
236
–237
Stalin’s reorganizations of command,
237
–239,
273
–274
Stalin-Trotsky conflict over,
61
–63.
See also
Soviet-German Front
Religion,
242
–243,
325
Retail prices, and currency reform,
277
,
278
Revolution of 1905,
24
–25
Revolution of 1917: Bolshevik seizure of power,