50
–53
escalation of,
47
Lenin’s radical action plan,
44
–46
Lenin–Stalin collaboration during,
46
,
47
–49,
50
moderate (rightist) Bolshevik faction in,
43
–44,
46
–47,
50
,
51
outbreak of,
42
.
See also
Provisional Government
Rhee, Syngman,
294
Ribbentrop, Joachim von,
165
,
166
,
174
Rieber, Alfred,
21
Robins, Raymond,
120
–121
Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich,
222
–223,
297
,
364
n94
Roosevelt, Franklin:
269
, Gallery
12
correspondence with Stalin,
228
,
246
and Hopkins mission to Moscow,
211
and Red Army criminal behavior,
235
–236
representatives at Moscow Conference,
212
and second front plan,
223
,
228
,
229
,
230
Roskin, Grigory,
265
Rozengolts, Arkady,
152
Rudzutak, Yan Ernestovich: biography of,
345
n100
compromising evidence against,
106
execution of,
177
as oppositionist,
90
Rukhadze, Nikolai,
304
–305
Russian Federation, proposals for,
68
–69
Russian language proficiency, Stalin’s,
97
–98
Russian Orthodox Church, reconciliation with,
242
–243
Russification policy,
325
Russo–Japanese War of 1905,
248
Rybalko, R. S.,
319
Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich:
80
,
191
, Gallery
6
biography of,
344
n80
execution of,
140
expulsion of,
108
and left opposition,
90
as oppositionist,
105
,
106
,
108
Sakhalin: oil pipeline,
179
and postwar settlement,
248
,
289
Salaries,
35
,
353
n16
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail,
95
Sapronov, Timofei Vladimirovich,
85
,
345
n94
Savings bank deposits, and currency reform,
275
,
277
,
279
Schulenburg, Friedrich von der,
199
Second front plan,
223
–224,
228
,
229
,
230
“Secret Five” group,
177
–178
Security system.
See
NKVD
State security Seliavkin, Aleksei,
126
,
350
n58
Sevastopol, siege of,
221
Shakhty Affair,
107
Shakhurin, Aleksei,
187
,
215
–216
Shaposhnikov, Boris Mikhailovich,
201
,
361
n14
Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich: biography of,
356
–357n57
Politburo appointment of,
177
in wartime leadership,
214
,
216
Shepilov, Dmitry,
314
Shkiriatov, Matvei, Gallery
14
,
311
Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich,
119
,
121
–122,
349
n39
Shostakovich, Dmitry Dmitryevich,
97
,
347
n14
Shtemenko, Sergei,
229
–230,
247
,
297
Shumiatsky, Boris,
2
,
3
,
347
n12
Shvernik, Nikolai,
311
Siberia: grain expropriation in,
101
,
102
–104
Stalin’s exile in,
23
,
29
–32,
190
Simonov, Konstantin,
144
–145,
213
,
313
Slansky, Rudolf,
307
Smirnov, Vladimir Mikhailovich,
85
,
345
n93
Smolensk, Battle of,
210
–211
Smolny Institute, Kirov’s murder at,
128
–129
Social Democratic movement: in Baku,
26
–27
European congresses of,
25
factions of,
24
radical wing of,
21
in revolution of 1905,
24
–25
Stalin’s involvement in,
18
,
19
,
21
,
22
–24.
See also
Bolsheviks
Mensheviks
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs),
43
,
50
,
158
Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich,
87
,
345
n97
Soviet-German Front: capture by enemy provisions (Order No. 270),
210
casualties of,
208
,
220
,
222
,
224
,
232
,
261
,
263
in Crimea,
220
,
221
,
228
crimes against civilians,
234
–236
defeats in early stages of war,
208
,
209
–210,
222
,
238
,
263
–265
final battles,
243
–244
first days of combat,
201
–205
Kharkov, Battle of,
221
,
222
Kursk, Battle of,
226
–227,
228
Lend-Lease aid,
212
Leningrad Blockade,
213
,
225
Moscow Siege,
213
–219,
227
–228
penalty battalions/anti-retreat units,
223
,
237
,
242
physical destruction in,
232
,
261
popular uprisings/disturbances in,
216
–217
ratio of forces,
231
repressive measures in,
209
–210,
223
,
237
,
242
Smolensk, Battle of,
210
–211
Stalingrad, Battle of,
224
–225,
228
,
238
Stalin’s emissaries at,
201
,
208
–209
Stalin’s strategic directives in,
208
,
210
,
212
–213,
217
,
219
–221,
225
,
226
–227,
239
–240
Stalin’s visits to,
227
–228
in Ukraine,
212
–213,
221
,
222
,
228
victories of 1944,
230
–231
Zhukov’s commands,
212
,
213
,
214
,
360
n2.
See also
Stalin, Joseph, wartime leadership of
Sovnarkom Bureau of the USSR: Commission on Current Issues,
365
n136
formation of,
178
–179
function of,
181
Spain, repression of foreign espionage,
156
Spanish Civil War,
153
–154,
163
Special Sector,
329
,
377
nn35–37
Spheres of influence in Europe,
244
Stakhanov, Aleksei,
320
–321
Stakhanovites,
320
–321
Stalin, Joseph, Gallery
3
,
13
,
15
“agree and ignore” approach of,
105
–106
in airplane flight,
229
–230
anti-Semitism of,
284
–285,
286
apologists for,
ix
,
x
–xi
arrests of,
23
,
27
,
28
, Gallery
4
biographies of,
ix
–x,
149
,
331
n2
birth of,
11
bodyguards of,
33
–36,
92
,
189
,
338
–339n5
and Bolshevik armed robbery,
26
in car crash,
34
and Caucasian culture of violence,
21
–22
childhood and youth of,
11
–14
in Civil War Southwestern Front,
59
–61
in Civil War Tsaritsyn command,
54
–56, Gallery
5
Civil War Tsaritsyn terror campaign of,
56
–59
in collective leadership (
See
Collective leadership)
collectivization policy of,
110
–113,
115
–116,
299
,
300
conflict with Bolshevik colleagues,
63
consolidation of power,
176
–181
constitutional liberalization by,
134
–135
dachas of,
3
–7,
191
,
193
, Gallery
10
death of,
313
–314
dictatorial powers of,
36
–39,
180
–181,
303
“Dizzy with Success,”
114
double agent rumors about,
27
economy under (
See
Economy)
editor of
Pravda
,
44
,
51
education of,
12
,
13
,
14
–20, Gallery
2
on espionage threat,
154
–155
at European party congresses,
25
exile of,
23
,
27
,
29
–32,
42
,
98
,
190
,
251
family life/relations with children,
253
,
254
,
256
–260, Gallery
9
,
11
famine explanation of,
120
–122
federation proposal of,
69
film favorites of,
96
–97
final days of,
33
,
92
,
142
–144,
189
,
310
–313,
338
n1
on foreign intelligence threat,
155