Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists (81 page)

21
  S. Atran (2002),
In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion.
New York: Oxford University Press.

22
  M. Wilson and M. Daley (1988),
Homicide.
New York: Aldine de Gruyter; D. Buss (2005),
The Murderer Next Door: Why the Mind Is Designed to Kill,
New York: Penguin.

23
  Crime in the United States, 1986–2005. www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/data/table_01.html.

24
  L. Hellmuth (2000), “Has America’s Tide of Violence Receded for Good?”
Science
289:582–585.

25
  M. Van Vugt, D. De Cremer, and D. Janssen (2007), “Gender Differences in Cooperation and Competition: The Male-Warrior Hypothesis.”
Psychological Science
18:19–23.

26
  Data provided by the Combating Terrorism Center, West Point.

27
  Presented at the Riyadh Meeting on Terrorism, Security Forces Officers Club, January 25–28, 2008.

28
  L. O’Rourke (2008), “Behind the Woman Behind the Bomb.”
New York Times,
August 2.

29
  M. Wilson and M. Daley,
Homicide;
D. Buss,
The Murderer Next Door.

30
  A. Speckhard (2005),
Chechen Russian Uzbek Suicide Terrorism Study, Interim Report,
Brussels: NATO.

31
  P. Pan (2010), “One Moscow Suicide Bomber Was Teenage Widow of Islamist Rebel,”
Washington Post,
April 3.

32
  M. Sageman,
Understanding Terror Networks.

33
  S. Bowles (2006), “Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism.”
Science
314:1569–72, supporting online materials.

34
  L. Keeley (1996),
War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage.
New York: Oxford University Press, p. 93.

35
  S. Pinker (2007), “A History of Violence.”
New Republic,
March 19.

36
  I. Arreguín-Toft (2001), “How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflicts.”
International Security
26:93–128.

37
  L. Richardson (1960),
Statistics of Deadly Quarrels.
Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press.

38
  See R. Axelrod and M. Cohen (2001),
Harnessing Complexity.
New York: Basic Books.

39
  B. Fischhoff, S. Atran, and M. Sageman (2008). “Mutually Assured Support: A Security Doctrine for Terrorist Nuclear Weapons Threats.”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
special issue,
Terrorism Briefing for the New President
618:160–67.

40
  J. Romains (1923; 1972),
Knock, ou, le triomphe de la médecine,
Paris: Gallimard.

CHAPTER 19: BEYOND ALL REASON

  1
  J. Keegan (1994),
A History of Warfare.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

  2
  C. von Clausewitz (1903),
On War.
London, p. 23.

  3
  R. Smith (1983), “Why Soldiers Fight: Part 1, Leadership, Cohesion, and Fighter Spirit.”
Quality and Quantity
18:1–32.

  4
  S. Stouffer et al. (1949),
Studies in Social Psychology in World War II,
vol. 2,
The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath.
Princeton: Princeton University Press (see especially the chapter titled “The General Characteristics of Ground Combat”).

  5
  R. Smith (1983), “Why Soldiers Fight: Part 2, Alternative Theories.”
Quality and Quantity
18:33–58.

  6
  J. McManus (2003),
The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II.
New York: Presidio Press.

  7
  W. Manchester (1988),
Goodbye Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War.
New York: Random House, p. 451.

  8
  J. McPherson (1997),
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War.
New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 85, 87.

  9
  SS member J. Hassebroeack, cited in T. Segev (1987),
Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps.
New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 89–90.

10
  S. Fritz (1995),
Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, p. 24.

11
 
Le Monde,
December 19, 1944, p. 2; see also C. Ailsby (1998),
Hell on the Eastern Front: The Waffen SS War in Russia, 1941–1945.
Osceola, WI: Zenith Press.

12
  T. Kühne (2006),
Kameradschaft: Die Soldaten des nationalsozialistischen und das 20 Jahrhundert,
vol. 173 of
Kritische Studien zur Geschichtwissenschaft.
Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

13
  Ibid.

14
  C. Moskos (1975), “The American Combat Soldier in Vietnam.”
Journal of Social Issues
3:25–37.

15
  C. Moskos (1970),
The American Enlisted Man: The Rank and File in Today’s Military.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation, p. 148; R. Spector (1994),
After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam.
New York: Vintage, p. 71.

16
  J. McPherson (1997),
For Cause and Comrades,
pp. 91–92.

17
  Ibid., p. 62.

18
  J. Dollard (1944),
Fear in Battle.
Washington, DC: Infantry Journal, pp. 40–41.

19
  R. V. Jones (1978),
The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945.
London: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, pp. 181–82.

20
  G. Allison and P. Zelikow (1999),
Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,
2nd. ed. New York: Longman.

21
  J. Gaddis (1995),
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar National Security,
rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

22
  J. Madsen (2004), “The Rationale of Suicide Attack.”
Risq
online, September, www.risq.org/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=367.

23
  J. Ginges and S. Atran (2009), “What Motivates Participation in Violent Political Action: Selective Incentives or Parochial Altruism?”
Annals of the New York Academy of Science
1167:115–23.

24
  D. Weisburd (1989),
Jewish Settler Violence: Deviance as Social Reaction.
University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.

25
  C. Lim and J. Baron (1997), “Protected Values in Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States.” Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania. www.sas.upenn.edu/~baron/lim.htm.

26
  W. Hamilton (1964), “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior.”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
7:1–52.

27
  É. Durkheim (1912; 1995),
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.
New York: Macmillan.

28
  M. Hauser (2006),
Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong.
New York: Ecco.

29
  M. Harris (1966), “Cultural Ecology of India’s Sacred Cattle.”
Current Anthropology
7:261–76.

30
  S. Atran, D. Medin, and N. Ross (2005), “The Cultural Mind: Environmental Decision Making and Cultural Modeling Within and Across Populations.”
Psychological Review
112:744–76.

31
  R. Axelrod and W. Hamilton (1981). “The Evolution of Cooperation.”
Science
211: 1390–96.

32
  R. Nisbett and D. Cohen (1996),
The Culture of Honor.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

33
  L. Havemeyer (1929),
Ethnography.
Boston: Ginn & Co.

34
  E. Peters (1967), “Some Structural Aspects of the Feud Among the Camel Herding Bedouin of Cyrenaica.”
Africa
37: 261–62.

35
  M. Bowden (2000),
Black Hawk Down: A Study of Modern War.
London: Penguin.

36
  A. Sadat (1977),
In Search of Identity: An Autobiography.
New York: Harper & Row, p. 304.

37
  Osama Hamdan (2006), Interview with S. Atran, Damascus, Syria, February 26.

CHAPTER 20: MARTYRDOM 101

  1
  In the second half of 2008, Israel began to lift some roadblocks, thanks in large part to the efforts of Israel’s former brigadier general Dov “Fufi” Sedaka, who once administered the occupied territories. But the physical infrastructure of the main checkpoints remains, such as barbed wire fences and concrete gun emplacements, and the psychological effects of the checkpoints are still strong. In 2010, people were still wary about returning to family homes outside of the cities for fear that the roadblocks will reappear; and they tend not to go to schools or contract for goods beyond the roadblocks that remain fresh in their memory. (The overwhelming loss in trade and income still owes to the closing of the borders with Israel.)

  2
  J. Ginges and S. Atran (2008), “Humiliation and the Inertia Effect: Implications for Understanding Violence and Compromise in Intractable Intergroup Conflicts.”
Journal of Cognition and Culture
8:281–94.

  3
  B. Saleh (2004), “Economic Conditions and Resistance to Occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: There Is a Causal Connection.” Paper presented to the Graduate Student Forum, Kansas State University, April 4.

  4
  C. Berrebi (2007), “Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty, and Terrorism Among Palestinians.”
Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy
13 (1), www.bepress.com/peps/vol13/iss1/2.

  5
  M. Sageman (2004),
Understanding Terror Networks.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

  6
  Pew Center on the States (2008), “One in a Hundred: Behind Bars in America in 2008.” www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/ One%20in%20100(3).pdf; M. Pfeiffer (2007),
Crazy in America: The Hidden Tragedy of the Criminalized Mentally Ill.
New York: Carroll & Graf.

  7
  S. Atran (2006), “Is Hamas Ready to Deal?”
New York Times,
August 17.

CHAPTER 21: WORDS TO END WARS

  1
  L. Baker (2009), “Israel Rejects Suggestions of Gaza ‘War Crimes.’” Reuters news service, January 17. www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLH286481.

  2
  The Communist Chinese conquest of Tibet is half an exception, as Tibet has intermittently been part of China over the centuries. But continued resistance in Tibet, and partial world support for it, suggests the matter still isn’t settled.

  3
  R. McCarthy (2009), “Hamas’s Rhetoric of Resistance Masks New Stance After Gaza War.”
Guardian,
December 28. www.guardian.co.uk/ world/2009/dec/28/hamas-birthday-celebrations.

  4
  J. Ginges, S. Atran, D. Medin, and K. Shikaki (2007), “Sacred Bounds on Rational Resolution of Violent Political Conflict.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104:7357–60; S. Atran, R. Axelrod, and R. Davis (2007), “Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution.”
Science
317:1039–40.