Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists (84 page)

45
  S. Atran and A. Norenzayan (2004), “Religion’s Evolutionary Landscape.”
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
27:713–70.

46
  A. Frank (1993),
Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl.
New York: Bantam (originally published in Dutch as
Het Achterhuis
in 1944).

47
  A. Norenzayan and I. Hansen (2006), “Belief in Supernatural Agents in the Face of Death.”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
32: 174–87.

48
  M. Argyle and B. Beit-Hallahmi (2000),
The Social Psychology of Religion.
New York: Routledge.

49
  J. Henrich and F. Gil-White (2001), “The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission.”
Evolution and Human Behavior
22:165–96.

50
  W. Beck (1992), “Aboriginal Preparations of Cycad Seeds in Australia.”
Economic Botany
46:133–47.

51
  R. Byrne and A. Whiten (1998),
Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

52
  A. Tversky and D. Kahneman (1974), “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.”
Science
185:1124–31.

53
  L. Harper and K. Sanders (1975), “The Effect of Adults’ Eating on Young Children’s Acceptance of Unfamiliar Foods.”
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
20:206–14.

54
  N. Henrich and J. Henrich (2003),
Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation.
New York: Oxford University Press.

55
  P. Harris (2006), “Germs and Angels: The Role of Testimony in Young Children’s Ontology.”
Developmental Science
9:76–96.

56
  L. Marks (2004), “Sacred Practices in Highly Religious Families: Christian, Jewish, Mormon, and Muslim Perspectives.”
Family Process
43:217–31.

57
  R. Frank (1988),
Passions Within Reason.
New York: W. W. Norton.

58
  L. Festinger, H. Riecken, and S. Schachter (1956),
When Prophecy Fails.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

59
  T. Tremlin and E. T. Lawson (2006),
Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion.
New York: Oxford University Press.

60
  T. Barfield,
Afghan Customary Law.
p. 13.

61
  R. Sosis and E. Bressler (2003), “Cooperation and Commune Longevity: A Test of the Costly Signaling Theory.”
Cross-Cultural Research
37:211–39.

62
  R. Sosis and B. Ruffle (2003), “Religious Ritual and Cooperation: Testing for a Relationship on Israeli Religious and Secular Kibbutzim.”
Current Anthropology
44:713–22.

63
  A. Fishman and Y. Goldschmidt (1990), “The Orthodox Kibbutzim and Economic Success.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
29:505–11.

64
  J. Marcus and K. Flannery (2004), “The Coevolution of Ritual and Society.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
101:18257–61.

65
  Lee, R. (1979),
The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

66
  Ibn Khaldûn (1377; 2005),
The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, ch. 3, sec. 3, pp. 125ff.

67
  J. Ensminger (1997), “Transaction Costs and Islam: Explaining Conversion in Africa.”
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
153:4–28.

68
  P. Freston (2001),
Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

69
  M. Sweeney (2001),
King Josiah of Judah.
New York: Oxford University Press.

70
  F. Roes and M. Raymond (2003), “Belief in Moralizing Gods.”
Evolution and Human Behavior
24:126–35.

71
  R. Sosis, H. Kress, and J. Boster (2007), “Scars for War: Evaluating Signaling Explanations for Cross-Cultural Variance in Ritual Costs.”
Evolution and Human Behavior
28:234–47.

72
  J. Ginges, I. Hansen, and A. Norenzayan (2009), “Religious and Popular Support for Suicide Attacks.”
Psychological Science
20:224–30.

73
  R. Stark (1997),
The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries.
New York: HarperCollins.

74
  Flavius Josephus Ben Mathias (first century
A.D
.; 1981),
The Jewish War
[
A.D
. 67–73], bk. 7, 315–416. New York: Dorset Press.

CHAPTER 24: OUR RELIGIOUS WORLD

  1
  C. Smith, ed. (1996),
Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social-Movement Activism.
New York: Routledge.

  2
  R. Nisbett (2003),
The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently.
New York: Free Press.

  3
  R. Shweder, N. Much, M. Mahapatra, and L. Park (1997), “The ‘Big Three’ of Morality (Autonomy, Community, and Divinity), and the ‘Big Three’ Explanation of Suffering.” In A. Brandt and P. Rozin (eds.),
Morality and Health.
New York: Routledge.

  4
  J. Haidt and C. Joseph (2004), “Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues.”
Daedalus
133:55–66.

  5
  L. Bartels (2008),
Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  6
  B. Goldwater (1960; 1990),
The Conscience of a Conservative,
repr. Washington: Regnery Gateway.

  7
  F. Fukuyama (1995),
Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity.
New York: Free Press, pp. 46–47.

  8
  S. Lipset (1993), “Culture and Economic Behavior: A Commentary.”
Journal of Labor Economics
11:S330–47.

  9
  Pew Forum on Religion and Cultural Life (2006), a Ten-Country Survey of Pentecostals, October. http://pewforum.org/surveys/pentecostal.

10
  D. Brooks (2008), “Surprise Me Most.”
New York Times,
September 9.

11
  Y. Fer (2008), “Sarah Palin, une drôle de paroissienne.”
Le Monde,
September 11.

12
  A. de Tocqueville (1835; 1984),
Democracy in America.
New York: Penguin, pp. 153–55, 200–201.

13
  Cited in “Palin’s God Too Much for Presidency” (2008),
You Decide 2008,
September 12. www.youdecide2008.com/2008/09/12/palins-god-too-much-for-presidency.

14
  R. Tucker, ed. (1978),
The Marx-Engels Reader.
New York: W. W. Norton, p. 477.

15
  K. Marx and F. Engels (1953),
Letters to Americans.
New York: International Publishers, p. 204.

16
  H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds. (1946),
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology.
New York: Oxford University Press, p. 303.

17
  L. Ross and C. Stillinger (1991), “Barriers to Conflict Resolution.”
Negotiation Journal
8:389–404.

18
  M. Gelfand et al. (2001), “Culture and Egocentric Biases of Fairness in Conflict and Negotiation.”
Journal of Applied Psychology
86:1059–74.

19
  S. Schama (2009),
The American Future: A History.
New York: Ecco, p. 182.

20
  V. Hugo (1859), Letter written from Hauteville-House, Guernsey, December 2, in V. Hugo (1889),
Actes et Paroles
2,
Pendant l’exil: 1852–1870.
15.

21
  K. Chowder (2000), “The Father of American Terrorism.”
American Heritage
51:81.

22
  A. Toynbee (1972),
A Study of History.
New York: Oxford University Press.

23
  R. Dawkins (2006),
The God Delusion.
New York: Houghton Mifflin.

24
  S. Harris (2004),
The End of Faith: Religion, Terrorism, and the Future of Reason.
New York: W. W. Norton.

25
  Cited in S. Le Bars and F. Supiot (2008), “Les religions à l’épreuve de la mondialisation.”
Le Monde,
December 21–22, p. 14.

26
  M. Sageman (2008),
Leaderless Jihad.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

27
  Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (2005),
Da’wah lil-Muqawamah Al-Islamiyyah Al-Alamiyyah
[A Call for the Islamic Global Resistance]. www.fsboa.com/vw/index.php?subject=7&rec=27&tit=tit&pa=0.

28
  L. Beam (1983),
Leaderless Resistance.
http://reactor-core.org/leaderless-resistance.html.

29
  W. Pierce (1978),
The Turner Diaries.
Washington, DC: National Alliance (written under the pen name Andrew MacDonald).

30
  W. Pierce (2001), “Free Speech.” November 7. www.natvan.com/free-speech/fs0111c.html.

31
  S. Huntington (1996),
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order.
New York: Simon & Schuster.

32
  C. Hitchens (2007),
God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything.
New York: Twelve.

33
  D. Dennett (2005),
Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Cultural Phenomenon.
New York: Viking Adult.

34
  G. Paul and P. Zuckerman (2007), “Why the Gods Are Not Winning.” Edge.org, “The Third Culture.” www.edge.org/3rd_culture/paul07/ paul07_index.html.

35
  D. Park, J. Bafu, and B. Shor (2007), “Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science: Comparing Red States and Blue States.” November 4, Religiosity and Income in the U.S. www.stat.columbia.edu/~cook/movabletype/archives/2007/11/religiosity_and.html.

36
  Pew Global Attitudes Project (2007), “World Publics Welcome Global Trade—but Not Immigration.” April 10. http://pewglobal.org/reports/ display.php?ReportID =258.

37
  Ibid.

38
  European Commission (2005), “Social Values, Science and Technology.” Special
Eurobarometer,
225/Wave 63.1, June, http://ec.europa.eu/ public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf.

39
  P. Forese (2008),
The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization.
Berkeley: University of California Press.

40
  The Chinese government may be making the same mistake. In October 2007, I was invited to Beijing, along with some prominent new atheists, to give a talk on religion that was cosponsored by the Chinese government Commission on Atheism, whose goal is to eliminate religion by using science education to replace “superstition.” In my talk, I said that equating religion with superstition is naive. (To my surprise, I was applauded anyway, only to realize that many in the audience, like those attending the Communist Party Congress that was going on at the same time, applauded just about anything said from a government-sanctioned pulpit.)