The Addicted Brain (32 page)
sexual addiction,
130
sexual behavior, dopamine and,
77-79
SFP (Strengthening Families Program),
183
side effects.
See
harmful effects of drugs
signal transduction,
66
Silverman, Sue Williams,
130
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),
104
smoking cigarettes, harmful effects of,
141-143
.
See also
nicotine; tobacco, harmful effects of
smoking of drugs,
53
snorting of drugs,
53
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms),
104
social defeat, drug use and,
124
social rank, drug use and,
121-123
society, methamphetamine’s effect on,
59
speed of entry of drugs into brain,
52-54
statistics
cost of drug abuse,
8-9
legal versus illegal drug use,
6
steroids,
4
stigma of drug addiction,
173-174
,
196-197
stimulants, caffeine,
152-153
stimulation of brain.
See
electrical stimulation reinforcement
storage vesicles.
See
vesicles
Strengthening Families Program (SFP),
183
stress
alleviating,
117
body’s response to,
115-117
defined,
115
drug use and,
118-119
early life stress,
119-121
social defeat,
124
social rank,
121-123
stressors
defined,
115
examples of,
116
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),
184
substitute medications
list of,
180
purpose of,
180-183
RTI-336,
195-196
successful substitutes,
202
successful treatment, defining,
172-173
survival functions, dopamine and,
79-80
symptoms of withdrawal,
62
synapses,
39-40
synaptic space,
39-40
synthesis
of neurotransmitters,
41-42
protein synthesis/degradation rates,
91-92
temporal lobe,
10
Ter-Pogossian, Michel,
95
testosterone, effect on cocaine addiction,
161-163
therapy sessions, types of,
177-178
thiamin deficiency,
140
thresholds,
35
time requirements of treatment plans,
175-176
tobacco, harmful effects of,
141-143
addictive properties versus,
138
long-lasting effects,
94
tolerance,
62-63
tomography,
95
tracking genetic mutations,
101
transcription factors,
64-66
treatment,
171
behavioral treatments,
177-179
cost of,
172
future of,
190
for gambling addiction,
129
gender differences in,
163-164
length of,
92-93
medications for,
179-183
prevention as,
183
principles of,
174-176
realizing need for,
177
resources for information,
184-186
RTI-336 medication,
195-196
settings for,
179
stigma associated with drug addiction,
173-174
,
196-197
successful treatment, defining,
172-173
twelve-step programs,
93
vaccines,
192-194
tuberoinfundibular DA system,
75
twelve-step programs,
93
tyrosine,
42
Uhl, George,
103
uncertain rewards, addiction and,
20-21
universities, treatment programs in,
179
users, defined,
1
vaccines,
192-194
Valium,
148
variable number tandem repeat (VNTR),
76
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA),
75
,
79
,
109
visual cortex,
10
vitamin B deficiency,
140
VNTR (variable number tandem repeat),
76
Volkow, Nora,
131
voluntary treatment,
176
VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area),
75
,
79
,
109
vulnerability to drug use,
99-100
adolescence and,
107-109
availability of drugs and,
107
controlling risk factors,
110
factors in,
100
gene expression and,
101-106
impaired judgment,
109
personality traits and,
107
psychological problems and,
106-107
rider and elephant metaphor,
110-112
Wagner, Henry,
95
Wainer, B.,
192
Wang, G,
131
water deprivation, electrical stimulation reinforcement and,
34
Watson, James,
96
websites for treatment information,
185-186
Weeks, James,
16
Wernicke’s encephalopathy,
139
withdrawal,
60-62
from alcohol addiction,
140
from benzodiazepines,
149
from caffeine,
152
from cocaine,
145
defined,
6
from heroin,
149
from marijuana,
144
from methamphetamine,
147
from nicotine,
141
as step in treatment,
176
substitute medications and,
181
Wolfe, Al,
95
women, drug addiction in,
159-161
hormonal influences,
161-163
treatment differences,
163-164
Xanax,
148
Yamamura, Hank,
96
Yanagita, Tomoji,
16
Young, W. Scott,
96
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