134 (footnote) “To this Eddington replied in 1920”: “Arthur Stanley Eddington: A Centennial Tribute,” Joe S. Tenn,
Mercury
11 (1982), p. 178.
135 “the average photon spends forty thousand years colliding”: “How Long Does It Take for Heat to Flow Through the Sun?” G. Fiorentini and B. Rici,
Comments on Modern Physics
1 (1999), p. 49.
135 “Our sun converts a great deal of hydrogen”: “The Evolution and Explosion of Massive Stars,” S. E. Woolsey and A. Heger,
Reviews of Modern Physics
74 (Oct. 2002), p. 1015.
136 “For more than fifty years, scientists have been attempting to construct a fusion reactor”:
Sun in a Bottle,
Charles Seife (Viking, 2008); “Fusion’s False Dawn,” Michael Moyer,
Scientific American
302, 50 (2010).
136 “This so-called cold fusion process”:
Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion,
Gary Taubes (Random House, 1993).
CHAPTER 12
141 “The agreement between theoretical predictions”:
QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter,
Richard P. Feynman (Princeton University Press, 1988).
142 “The collective behavior of quantum particles”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
144 “Think about a ribbon”: The argument involving a ribbon with different colors on each side is adapted from that in “The Reason for Antiparticles,” Richard P. Feynman, in
Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics,
Richard P. Feynman and Steven Weinberg (Cambridge University Press, 1987). Feynman credits this analogy to David Finkelstein.
146 “described as the difference of two functions, A and B”:
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
148 “Wolfgang Pauli, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics”:
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
150 “One easy way to satisfy the Pauli principle”:
Electrons in Metals: A Short Guide to the Fermi Surface,
J. M. Ziman (Taylor and Francis, 1963).
CHAPTER 13
155
The Superorganism—The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies,
Bert Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson (W. W. Norton & Co., 2008).
155
The Cosmic Rape,
Theodore Sturgeon (Pocket Books, 1958).
155 (footnote)
More Than Human,
Theodore Sturgeon (Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953).
156 “Bose-Einstein condensate”:
The Quantum World: Quantum Physics for Everyone,
Kenneth W. Ford (Harvard University Press, 2004).
158 “This symmetry indicates that the two-particle wave function”: Ibid.
160
Village of the Damned,
written by Stirling Silliphant, Wolf Rilla, and Ronald Kinnoch and directed by Wolf Rilla (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1960).
161 “helium is an example of an atom”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
162 “Experimentalists in 1965,” “Gyroscopic Detection of Persistent Flow of Super fluid Liquid Helium,” J.B. Mehl and W. Zimmermann Jr.,
Physical Review Letters
14, p. 815 (1965).
163 “an electrical analog to superfluidity”:
The Path of No Resistance: The Story of a Revolution in Superconductivity,
Bruce Schechter (Simon and Schuster, 1989); Introduction to Superconductivity, 2nd Edition, Michael Tinkham (Dover, 2004); “Observation of Persistent Current in a Superconducting Solenoid,” J. File and R.G. Mills,
Physical Review of Letters
10, p. 93 (1963).
166 “Max Planck and how his explanation of the spectrum of light”:
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002);
Men Who Made a New Physics,
Barbara Lovett Cline (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
167 “What if the box were filled with light”:
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory,
George Gamow (Dover, 1985).
168 “The box containing light can be considered a gas of photons”: Ibid.;
The Atom and Its Nucleus,
George Gamow (Prentice Hall, 1961).
CHAPTER 14
173 “In our world the eighty-sixth floor of the Empire State Building”:
Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life,
Philip Joes Farmer (Doubleday, 1973);
A History of the Doc Savage Adventures,
Robert Michael “Bobb” Cotter (McFarland and Company, 2009).
174 “Dent and his wife lived for several years on a forty-foot schooner”:
Lester Dent: The Man, His Craft and His Market,
M. Martin McCarey-Laird (Hidalgo Pub. Co., 1994);
Bigger Than Life: The Creator of Doc Savage,
Marilyn Cannaday (Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1990).
174 “called his Fortress of Solitude”:
Fortress of Solitude,
Lester Dent (under the pen name Kenneth Robeson) (Street and Smith, 1938); reprinted in
Doc Savage
# 1 (Nostalgia Ventures, 2006).
174 “his tie and jacket buttons hid . . . and his car could produce”: “The Bronze Genius,” Will Murray in
The Man Behind Doc Savage: A Tribute to Lester Dent,
edited by Robert Weinberg (Weinberg, 1974).
174 “the comic-book superhero foursome”: “Introduction to
The Fortress of Solitude
” in
Doc Savage
# 1 (Nostalgia Ventures, 2006).
174 “Doc’s gadgets were similarly ahead of his time”: “The Bronze Genius,” Will Murray in
The Man Behind Doc Savage: A Tribute to Lester Dent,
edited by Robert Weinberg (Weinberg, 1974).
174 “According to Dent, a reference to radar”:
Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life,
Philip José Farmer (Doubleday, 1973).
175
The Man of Bronze,
Lester Dent (under the pen name Kenneth Robeson) (Street and Smith, 1933); reprinted in
Doc Savage
# 14 (Nostalgia Ventures, 2008).
175 (footnote) “‘Ralph 124C 41+’”: The relevant paragraph, containing a detailed description of what we would today term “radar,” is reproduced in
Alternate Worlds: The Illustrated History of Science Fiction,
James Gunn (Prentice-Hall, 1975).
177 “What determines these transition rates”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974);
QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter,
Richard P. Feynman (Princeton University Press, 1988).
CHAPTER 15
183 “the demand for Buck Rogers- and Flash Gordon-inspired toy ray guns”:
Raygun,
Eugene W. Metcalf and Frank Maresca, photographed by Charles Bechtold (Fotofolio, 1999).
183 “At his press conference in 1960, Maiman was peppered”:
The Laser Odyssey,
T. H. Maiman (Laser Press, 2000).
183 “scientists from Bell Labs were instructed by management”: “Bell Labs and the Ruby Laser,” D. F. Nelson, R. J. Collins, W. Kaiser,
Physics Today
63, 40 (2010).
184
Goldfinger,
written by Richard Maibaum and Paul Dehn and directed by Guy Hamilton (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1964).
184 “The circular buzz saw of the 1959 novel”:
Goldfinger,
Ian Fleming (Jonathan Cape, 1959).
184 “How can one ensure that all the electrons residing in the laser levels”:
Lasers and Holography: An Introduction to Coherent Optics,
2nd edition, Winston Kock (Dover, 1981).
184 (footnote) “a mixture of two gases, helium and neon”:
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
185 (footnote) “the above argument applies to electric dipole transitions”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974);
QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter,
Richard P. Feynman (Princeton University Press, 1988).
186 “The device produces
l
ight
a
mplification by
s
timulated
e
mission of
r
adiation”:
Lasers and Holography: An Introduction to Coherent Optics,
2nd edition, Winston Kock (Dover, 1981).
187 “sent out from a lab on Earth”:
They All Laughed: From Light Bulbs to Lasers: The Fascinating Stories Behind the Great Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives,
Ira Flatow (Harper Perennial, 1992).
187 “Both of these elements . . . are thus chemically inert”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
188 “Digital video discs (DVDs) and compact discs (CDs)”:
How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary
, Louis A. Bloomfield (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
190 “Birth of the Death Ray,”:
Dr. Solar—Man of the Atom
# 16, written by Paul S. Newman and drawn by Frank Bolle (Gold Key Comics, June 1966), reprinted in
Dr. Solar—Man of the Atom,
vol. 2 (Dark Horse Books, 2005).
191 “the number of Gillette razor blades they could melt through”:
They All Laughed: From Light Bulbs to Lasers: The Fascinating Stories Behind the Great Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives,
Ira Flatow (Harper Perennial, 1992).
192 “Superman removes the thick cataracts that have blinded a companion”: “A Matter of Light and Death,”
Action
# 491, written by Cary Bates and drawn by Curt Swan (DC Comics, Jan. 1979).
192 “Eight years later, Dr. Stephen Trokel”:
Excimer Lasers in Ophthalmology
, edited by David S. Gartry (Informa Healthcare, 1997).
193
The South Pole Terror,
Lester Dent (under the pen name Kenneth Robeson) (Street and Smith, 1936); reprinted in
Doc Savage
# 11 (Nostalgia Ventures, 2007).
CHAPTER 16
194 “robots would break free”:
Follies of Science: 20th Century Visions of Our Fantastic Future,
Eric Dregni and Jonathan Dregni (Speck Press, 2006).
194 “The Challengers were four adventurers”:
Showcase
# 6, written by Dave Wood and drawn by Jack Kirby (DC Comics, Jan.-Feb. 1957); reprinted in
Challengers of the Unknown Archives,
vol. 1 (DC Comics, 2003).
195 “The Challengers’ challenge”: “ULTIVAC is Loose!,”
Showcase
# 7, written by Dave Wood and drawn by Jack Kirby (DC Comics, Mar.-Apr. 1957); reprinted in
Challengers of the Unknown Archives,
vol. 1 (DC Comics, 2003).
197 “In 1946, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania”:
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery That Changed Our Universe,
Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002).
197 “a Bell Labs scientist, Russell Ohl”:
Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age,
Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson (W. W. Norton and Co., 1997).
199 “Semiconductors make convenient light detectors”: Ibid.
200 “smoke detector”:
The Way Things Work
, David Macaulay (Houghton Mifflin, 1988);
How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary
, Louis A. Bloomfield (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
201 “The Shadow, who in reality is Lamont Cranston, wealthy man-about-town”:
The Shadow Scrapbook,
Walter B. Gibson (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979).
201
Death Stalks the Shadow,
author unknown (original air date October 9, 1938, on the Mutual Network).
202 “when different chemical impurities are added”:
Introduction to Solid State Physics,
7th edition, Charles Kittel (John Wiley and Sons, 1995).
205 “the junction between the p-type and n-type”:
Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age,
Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson (W. W. Norton and Co., 1997).
205 “Solid-state semiconductor diodes”:
Physics of Semiconductor Devices,
2nd edition, S. Sze (Wiley-Interscience, 1981);
Electronics
:
Circuits and Devices,
2nd edition, Ralph J. Smith (John Wiley and Sons, 1980).
206 two regions of an identical semiconductor are separated by a very thin insulator”: Ibid.
206 “In 1939, Russell Ohl, a scientist at Bell Labs, was studying the electrical properties of semiconductors”:
Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age,
Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson (W. W. Norton and Co., 1997).
207 “a light-emitting diode (LED) is a pn junction”:
Physics of Semiconductor Devices,
2nd edition, S. Sze (Wiley-Interscience, 1981); Electronics: Circuits and Devices, 2nd edition, Ralph J. Smith (John Wiley and Sons, 1980).
208 “In the past thirty years the luminosity of these devices”: “From Transistors to Lasers to Light-Emitting Diodes,” Nick Holonyak Jr.,
MRS Bulletin
, 30, 509 (2005); “The Quest for White LEDs Hits the Home Stretch,” Robert F. Service,
Science
325, 809 (2009).
CHAPTER 17
211 “the invention of the transistor”:
The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution,
T. R. Reid (Random House, 2001).
211 “the field-effect structure”:
Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age,
Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson (W. W. Norton and Co., 1997).
214 “In 1958, just a year after the Challengers”: Ibid.
215 “Estimates of the number of transistors”:
Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond
, 2nd edition, Michael A. Seeds (Brooks/Cole, 2001); “One Billion Transistors, One Uniprocessor, One Chip,” Yale N. Patt, Sanjay Patel, Marius Evers, Daniel H. Friendly, and Jared Stark,
IEEE Computer
(September 1997).
215 “the transport of a single electron can be detected”: “The Single Electron Transistor,” M. A. Kastner,
Rev. Mod. Phys.,
64, 849 (1992); “Artificial Atoms,” Marc A. Kastner,
Physics Today
(January 1993).