215 “a complex literature using an alphabet consisting of only two letters”:
The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution,
T. R. Reid (Random House, 2001).
217 “Flash memory devices add a second metal electrode”: “A Floating-Gate and Its Application to Memory Devices,” D. Kahng and S. M. Sze,
The Bell System Technical Journal
46 (1967), p. 1288; “Introduction to Flash Memory,” R. Bez, E. Camerlenghi, A. Modelli, and A. Visconti,
Proceedings of the IEEE
91 (2003), p. 489; “Reviews and Prospects of Non-Volatile Semiconductor Memories,” F. Masuoka, R. Shirota, and K. Sakui,
IEICE Transactions
E 74 (1991), p. 868.
217 “What’s the point of the second metal layer”: “Volatile and NonVolatile Memories in Silicon with Nano-Crystal Storage,” S. Tiwari, F. Rana, K. Chan, H. Hanafi, W. Chan, and D. Buchanan,
IEDM Technical Digest
(1995), p. 521.
219
Amazing Stories
(Teck Publications, December 1936).
219-220 “Wrist phones that are capable of video transmission”: “Bell Labs Reports Progress on ‘Dick Tracy’ Watch,”
APS News
8, 6 (June 1999); “Yesterday’s Dreams and Today’s Reality in Telecommunications,” Robert W. Lucky,
Technology in Society
26 (2004), p. 223.
CHAPTER 18
221 “devices characterized as ‘spintronic’”: “Spintronics,” David D. Awschalom, Michael E. Flatte, and Nitin Samarth,
Scientific American
(June 2002).
222 “‘giant magnetoresistance’”: “Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/ (001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices,” M. N. Baibich , J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas,
Physical Review Letters
61 (1988), p. 2472; “Enhanced Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Structures with Antiferromagnetic Interlayer Exchange,” G. Binasch, P. Grünberg, F. Saurenbach, and W. Zinn,
Physical Review B
39 (1989), p. 4828.
223 “In any real metal wire there will be defects”:
Introduction to Solid State Physics,
7th edition, Charles Kittel (John Wiley and Sons, 1995).
223-224 “Imagine a flow of electrons perpendicular”: “Spintronics,” David D. Awschalom, Michael E. Flatte, and Nitin Samarth,
Scientific American
(June 2002).
225 “magnetic sensors on hard drives that employ another quantum mechanical phenomenon—tunneling”: “Frontiers in spin-polarized tunneling,” Jagadeesh S. Moodera, Guo-Xing Miao, and Tiffany S. Santos,
Physics Today
(April 2010).
226 “the first (expensive) transistor radio”:
The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution,
T. R. Reid (Random House, 2001).
CHAPTER 19
227
X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes,
written by Robert Dillon and Ray Russell and directed by Roger Corman (Alta Vista Productions, 1963).
228 “Associated with the spin is a small intrinsic magnetic field”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
230 “The idea begins to form”:
How Does MRI Work? An Introduction to the Physics and Function of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
Dominik Weishaupt, Victor D. Koechli, and Borut Marincek (Springer, 2008).
230 “spatial resolution throughout a cross section”:
Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century,
Bettyann Holtzmann Kevles (Rutgers University Press, 1997).
233 “functional magnetic resonance imaging”:
Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques,
Richard B. Buxton (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
234
The Demolished Man,
Alfred Bester (Shasta Publishers, 1953).
234
More Than Human,
Theodore Sturgeon (Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953).
234
The Cosmic Rape,
Theodore Sturgeon (Pocket Books, 1958).
234
Village of the Damned,
written by Stirling Silliphant, Wolf Rilla, and Ronald Kinnoch and directed by Wolf Rilla (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1960).
235 “to directly discern a person’s thoughts and intentions”: “The Brain on the Stand: How Neuroscience Is Transforming the Legal System,” Jeffrey Rosen,
The New York Times Magazine
(March 11, 2007); “Duped,” Margaret Talbot,
The New Yorker
(July 2, 2007); “Head Case,” Virginia Hughes,
Nature
464, 340 (March 18, 2010).
CHAPTER 20
239 “In this way the ‘ones’ and ‘zeros’”:
The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution,
T. R. Reid (Random House, 2001).
240 “analog-to-digital converter”:
How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary
, Louis A. Bloomfield (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
240 “the newest multitouch versions”: “Hands-On Computing,” Stuart F. Brown,
Scientific American
(July 2008).
241 “‘semiconductor spintronic’ devices”: “Spintronics,” David D. Awschalom, Michael E. Flatte, and Nitin Samarth,
Scientific American
(June 2002).
242 “resulting temperature rise . . . can limit the integrated circuit’s performance”: Electronics: Circuits and Devices, 2nd edition, Ralph J. Smith (John Wiley and Sons, 1980).
242 “A ‘quantum computer’ is a different beast entirely”:
A Shortcut Through Time: The Path to the Quantum Computer,
George Johnson (Vintage Books, 2003).
244 “A small-scale prototype quantum computer��: “Algorithms for Quantum Computation: Discrete Logarithms and Factoring,” Peter Shor,
Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science,
p. 124 (IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994); an accessible summary of Shor’s algorithm can be found in Chapter 5 of
A Shortcut Through Time: The Path to the Quantum Computer,
George Johnson (Vintage Books, 2003).
244
Transformers,
written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and directed by Michael Bay (Dreamworks, 2007).
244 “the reason that the quantum ribbon can represent all four possible outcomes simultaneously”:
Teleportation: The Impossible Leap,
David Darling (John Wiley and Sons, 2005).
245 “Einstein smelled a rat in this scenario”: Ibid.;
The God Effect: Quantum Entanglement, Science’s Strangest Phenomenon,
Brian Clegg (St. Martin’s Griffin, 2006).
246 “‘spooky action at a distance’”:
Einstein: His Life and Universe,
Walter Isaacson (Simon and Schuster, 2007).
246 “Books have been written over the question”: And I’m not kidding! See, for example,
The Physics of Quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation,
edited by D. Bouwmeester, A. K. Ekert, and A. Zeilinger (Springer-Verlag, 2000);
Entanglement: The Greatest Mystery in Physics,
Amir D. Aczel (John Wiley and Sons, 2002);
A Shortcut Through Time: The Path to the Quantum Computer,
George Johnson (Vintage Books, 2003);
Quantum Computing,
2nd edition, Mika Hirvensalo (Springer-Verlag, 2004);
Teleportation: The Impossible Leap,
David Darling (John Wiley and Sons, 2005);
The God Effect: Quantum Entanglement, Science’s Strangest Phenomenon,
Brian Clegg (St. Martin’s Griffin, 2006);
The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn,
Louisa Gilder (Alfred A. Knopf, 2008).
246 “the two electrons’ wave functions must remain ‘entangled’”:
A Shortcut Through Time: The Path to the Quantum Computer,
George Johnson (Vintage Books, 2003).
247 “recent experiments in ‘teleportation’”:
Teleportation: The Impossible Leap,
David Darling (John Wiley and Sons, 2005).
247 “experiments . . . concerning two entangled quantum entities”: “Experimental Entanglement Swapping: Entangling Photons That Never Interacted,” Jian-Wei Pan, Dik Bouwmeester, Harald Weinfurter, and Anton Zeilinger,
Physical Review Letters
80, 3891 (1998), “Experiment and the Foundations of Quantum Physics,” Anton Zeilinger,
Reviews of Modern Physics
71 (1999), p. S288.
248 “from a 1998 issue of the adventures of the Justice League of America”:
JLA
# 19, written by Mark Waid and drawn by Howard Porter (DC Comics, 1998).
CHAPTER 21
249 “‘cavorite’”: Discovered by Dr. Cavor as described in
The First Men in the Moon,
H. G. Wells (George Newnes, 1901).
249 “how much energy it takes to lift”:
Conceptual Physics,
Paul G. Hewitt (Prentice Hall, 2002).
249 “every chemical reaction . . . on the order of an electron Volt”:
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles,
Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and Sons, 1974).
250 “prototype jet packs have been able to keep test pilots aloft”:
Jet-pack Dreams: One Man’s Up and Down (But Mostly Down) Search for the Greatest Invention That Never Was,
Mac Montandon (Da Capo Press, 2008).
250
Iron Man,
written by Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby, Art Marcum, and Matt Holloway and directed by Jon Favreau (Marvel Studios, 2008).
251 “According to the World Health Organization”: “How Hard Is It to Convert Seawater to Fresh Drinking Water?” Ethan Trex,
Mental Floss
(August 2009).
251 “Global consumption of energy, which in 2005”:
Energy,
Vaclav Smil (Oneworld Publications, 2006).
252 “The surface of the Earth receives”: Ibid.
252 “present production capacity”: “High Growth Reported for the Global Photovoltaic Industry,” Reuters (Mar. 3, 2009); “A Solar Grand Plan,” Ken Zweibel, James Mason, and Vasilis Fthenakis,
Scientific American
(Jan. 2008).
253 “two scientists, Johannes Bednorz and Karl Müller”:
The Path of No Resistance: The Story of the Revolution in Superconductivity,
Bruce Schechter (Simon and Schuster, 1989).
256 “‘thermoelectrics’”:
Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano,
edited by D. M. Rowe (CRC, 2005).
257 “extract electrical power from random vibrations involves nanogenerators”: “Self-Powered Nanotech,” Zhong Lin Wang,
Scientific American
(January 2008); “Nanogenerators Tap Waste Energy to Power Ultrasmall Electronics,” Robert F. Service,
Science
328, 304 (2010).
258 “In a battery, making use of essentially a reverse electrolysis process”:
Batteries in a Portable World: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers
, 2nd Edition, Isidor Buchmann (Cadex Electronics, 2001);
The Battery: How Portable Power Sparked a Technological Revolution
, Henry Schlesinger (Smithsonian, 2010).
259 “improvements in the energy content and storage capacity of rechargeable batteries”:
Batteries in a Portable World: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers
, 2nd Edition, Isidor Buchmann (Cadex Electronics, 2001)
260 “Nanotextured electrodes”: “Nanostructured Electrodes and the Low-Temperature Performance of Li-Ion Batteries,” Charles R. Sides and Charles R. Martin,
Advanced Materials
, 17, 128 (2005); “High-Rate, Long-Life Ni-Sn Nanostructured Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” J. Hassoun, S. Panero, P. Simon, P. L. Taberna, and B. Scrosati,
Advanced Materials
, 19, 1632 (2007).
260 “silicon nanoscale wires”: “High-Performance Lithium Battery Anodes Using Silicon Nanowires,” C. K. Chan, H. Peng, G. Liu, K. McIlwrath, X. F. Zhang, R. A. Huggins, and Y. Cui,
Nature Nanotechnology
3, 31 (2008).
260 “Nanoscale filaments woven into textiles”: “Smart Nanotextiles: A Review of Materials and Applications,” S. Coyle, Y. Wu, K.-T. Lau, D. DeRossi, G. Wallace, and D. Diamond,
Materials Research Society Bulletin
32 (May 2007), p. 434.
260 “highly refined pharmaceutical delivery systems”: “Less Is More in Medicine,” A. Paul Alivisatos,
Scientific American Reports
17 (2007), p. 72.
AFTERWORD
262 “Buck Rogers newspaper strips”:
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century: The Complete Newspaper Dailies,
vol. 1,
1929-1930,
written by Philip Nowlan and drawn by Richard Calkins (Hermes Press, 2008).
263 “New Wiring Idea May Make the All-Electric House Come True,”:
Science Illustrated
(May 1949).
264 “in 1960 sales of
Superman
comics”:
The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America,
David Hajdu (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).
264
Adventure Comics
# 247, written by Otto Binder and drawn by Al Plastino (DC Comics, 1958); reprinted in
Legion of Superheroes Archives,
vol. 1 (DC Comics, reissue edition, 1991).
265
Adventure
# 321, written by Edmond Hamilton and drawn by John Forte (DC Comics, June 1964); reprinted in
Showcase Presents Legion of Superheroes,
vol. 1 (DC Comics, 2007).
265-266 “Similarly, over at Marvel Comics”: See, for example,
Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Tales to Astonish,
vol. 1 (Marvel Comics, 2006) and vol. 2 (Marvel Comics, 2008);
Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Tales of Suspense,
vol. 1 (Marvel Comics, 2006) and vol. 2 (Marvel Comics, 2008);
Amazing Fantasy Omnibus
(Marvel Comics, 2007).
267
Tales to Astonish
#13, “I Challenged Groot! the Monster from Planet X!” written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1960); reprinted in
Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Tales to Astonish,
vol. 2 (Marvel Comics, 2008).
268
Strange Tales
# 90, “Orrgo . . . the Unconquerable,” written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1961).
RECOMMENDED READING
As mentioned in the introduction, one reason I have avoided an historical approach to relating the principles of quantum mechanics (aside from the not inconsequential fact that I am not an historian of science) is that there already exist many excellent histories of this period in physics. Readers interested in learning more about such questions as “what did Bohr know and when did he know it?” may enjoy
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory
by George Gamow (Dover, 1985) as well as
The Great Physicists from Galileo to Einstein
(Dover, 1988) by the same author; Barbara Lovett Cline’s
Men Who Made a New Physics
(University of Chicago Press, 1987);
Quantum Legacy: The Discovery that Changed Our Universe
by Barry Parker (Prometheus Books, 2002);
Reading the Mind of God: In Search of the Principles of Universality
by James Treffil (Anchor, 1989); Brian Cathcart’s
The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the International Race to Split the Atom
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005); and Gino Segre’s
Faust in Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul of Physics
(Viking, 2007).