The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (40 page)

    
87
. Ibid.

    
88
. Ibid.

    
89
. Coll,
Ghost Wars
, p. 227.

    
90
. Ibid.

    
91
. Ibid. p. 221.

    
92
. Nawaz,
Crossed Swords
, p. 360; Jamal,
Shadow War
, pp. 139–51.

    
93
. Jayshree Bajoria and Eben Kaplan, “The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations”, Council on Foreign Relations, 4 May. 2011,
http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/isi-terrorism-behind-accusations/p11644,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
94
. Rashid,
Taliban
, p. 129.

    
95
. Ghosh, Partha Sarathy,
Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia
, Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1995, p. 26.

    
96
. Haqqani, Hussain,
Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, pp. 148–52.

    
97
. Bennett-Jones, Owen,
Pakistan: Eye of the Storm
, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003, p. 259.

    
98
. Adiran Hänni and Lukas Hegi, “The Pakistani Godfather: The Inter-Services Intelligence and the Afghan Taliban 1994–2010”,
Small Wars Journal
, 2 Apr. 2013,
http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-pakistanigodfather-the-inter-services-intelligence-and-the-afghan-taliban-1994–2010,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
99
. Rashid,
Jihad
, pp. 187–8.

100
. Ibid. p. 188.

101
. Haqqani, Hussain,
Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, p. 171.

102
. Castets, “The Uyghurs”.

103
. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xingiang’s Uighurs”,
Asian Survey
, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, p. 541,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

104
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2011.

105
. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang’s Uighurs”,
Asian Survey
, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, p. 535,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

106
. Sadia Fayaz, “China’s Xinjiang Problem and Pakistan”,
The Dialogue
, Vol. 7, No. 3, Jul-Sep. 2012, p. 249.
http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/7_3/Dialogue_July_September2012_235–254.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

107
. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations”, p. 536.

108
. Author interviews in Beijing and Islamabad, 2008–2013.

109
. Shirley A. Khan, “U. S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U. S. Policy”, Congressional Research Service, 7 May 2009, p. 25.

110
. Author interviews in Beijing and Islamabad, 2008–2013.

111
. See, for instance, Rashid,
Jihad
, p. 141.

112
. Yitzhak Shichor, “Great Wall of Steel”, in Starr (ed.), Xinjiang:, p. 145.

113
. See Chapter 6, “Tea with the Taliban”.

114
. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2008.

115
. “Bin Ladin Charges U.S. involvement in China Bombings”, Islamabad, The Muslim in English, 15 Mar. 1997, pp. 1–11; “New Analysis: Bin Laden: Dissident Turns Pan-Islamist”,
The Observer
in “Compilation of
Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994–January 2004”, FBIS Report, Jan. 2004, p. 39,
http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/ubl-fbis.pdf,
last accessed 22 Dec. 2013.

116
. Rashid,
Jihad
, p. 204.

117
. Millward, “Violent Separatism”.

118
. “’East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity”, PRC State Council Information Office, 21 Jan. 2002,
http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

119
. “China hails US decision to put ETIM on terror list”,
People’s Daily
, 28 Aug. 2002,
http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/40575.htm,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Colin Mackerras, “Xinjiang and the War Against Terrorism”, in Simon Shen (ed.),
China and Antiterrorism
, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007, p. 100.

120
. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “China welcomes separatists’ terror tag”, CNN, 12 Sep. 2002,
http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/12/china.xinjiang/index.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

121
. “JTF GTMO Detainee Assessment”, U.S. Department of Defense Joint Task Force Guantanamo Memorandum for Commander of the United States Southern Command, 22 Jun. 2007,
http://wikileaks.org/gitmo/pdf/ch/us9ch-000219dp.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

122
. “Bin Laden’s associate Juma Namangani killed, assert Taleban”,
Pravda. Ru
, 10 Nov. 2001,
http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/conflicts/20–11–2001/27958–0/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

123
. Rashid,
Taliban
, p. 243.

124
. “East Turkistan’ terrorist killed”,
China Daily
, 24 Dec. 2003,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163.htm,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

125
. “Competing Perceptions of PRC Activities”, U.S. State Department Cable, 12 Dec. 2009,
wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3287.html,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

126
. “China: Uighur group added to U.S. list of terrorist organizations”, EurasiaNet, 31 Aug. 2002,
http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090102.shtml,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

127
. Ben Blanchard, “Chinese government concerned about Hizb ut-Tahrir in Xinjiang”, Reuters, 31 Jul. 2008,
http://enews.fergananews.com/articles/2434,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

128
. Author interviews in Beijing, Jan. 2009.

129
. Edward Wong, “Warning of attacks on Olympics is said to be linked to Muslim separatist group”,
New York Times
, 9 Aug. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10uighurs.html,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

130
. “Our Blessed Jihad in Yunan” (video), TIP Voice of Islam Information Center, 23 Jul. 2008 quoted in “IntelCenter: Islamic party threatens Olympic Games”, CBS News, 25 Jul. 2008,
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301–502684_162–4295655–502684.html,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

131
. Raffaello Pantucci, “A Post-Mortem Analysis of Turkistani Amir Emeti Yakuf: A Death that Sparked More Questions than Answers”,
Terrorism Monitor
, Vol. 3, Issue 10, 1 Nov. 2012,
http://mlm.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40043&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=551&cHash=e13aadc198482b3c8c34129c423af1f6#.UubQVJH0AUs,last
accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

132
. “Two dead in China ‘terror’ raid”, BBC News, 18 Feb. 2008,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7251517.stm,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

133
. Liu Shaoyong, then-President of China Southern Airlines, in an interview with Phoenix TV, quoted in Richard Spencer, “The plane incident and the Uighur girl”,
Telegraph
,11 Mar. 2008,
http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/richardspencer/3614711/The_plane_incident_and_the_Uighur_girl_/,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014; “China says 19-year-old woman confessed to terror plot on plane”,
New York Times
, 27 Mar. 2008, http://
www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/world/asia/27iht-china.1.11467307.html?_r=0,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

134
. Praveen Swami, “China’s mid-air terror trail leads to Pakistan”,
The Hindu
, 22 Mar. 2008,
http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/22/stories/2008032254581200.htm,
last accessed 4 Feb. 2014.

135
. Unidentified Chinese official, quoted in the
Global Times
and reproduced in “China: Plane incident a ‘terror act’”,
USA Today
, 13 Mar. 2008, http://
usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–13-china-terror_N.htm,last
accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

136
. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “China confronts its Uyghur threat”,
Asia Times
, 18 Apr. 2008,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD18Ad01.html,last
accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

137
. Pallavi Aiyar, “Musharraf bolsters China-Pakistan bond”,
Asia Times
, 24 Apr. 2008,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD24Ad01.html,last
accessed 14 Feb. 2014; Nirupama Subramanian, “All eyes on Musharraf ’s China visit”,
The Hindu
, 8 Apr. 2008,
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/all-eyes-on-musharrafs-china-visit/article1235331.ece,
last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

138
. “Olympic Torch hits China-friendly Pakistan”, CBS News, 16 Apr. 2008,
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/olympic-torch-hits-china-friendly-pakistan/,
last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

139
. Andrew Jacobs, “Ambush in China raises concerns as Olympics near”,
New York Times
, 5 Aug. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05china.html?pagewanted=all,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

140
. Edward Wong, “Attack in West China kills 3 security officers”,
New York Times
, 12 Aug. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/sports/olympics/13china.html?_r=0,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

141
. Austin Ramzy, “China’s restive Xinjiang region hit by renewed violence”,
Time
, 29 Feb. 2012,
http://world.time.com/2012/02/29/chinas-restivexinjiang-region-hit-by-renewed-violence/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “Group of axe-wielding men attack market place in Xinjian”,
Telegraph
, 29 Feb. 2012,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9112502/Group-of-axe-wielding-men-attack-market-place-in-Xinjiang.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

142
. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2011.

143
. Liu Yong, “Uighur group claims bus attacks, threatens Olympics”,
China Digital Times
, 25 Jul. 2008,
http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/07/uighur-group-claims-china-bus-attacks-threatens-olympics/,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

144
. Tania Branigan, “China knife attach and explosions leave several dead”,
Guardian
, 31 Jul. 2011,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/31/china-knife-attack-several-dead,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

145
. Sui-lee Wee, “China boosts security in Xinjiang after the attacks”, Reuters, 2 Aug. 2011,
http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/08/02/idINIndia-58582720110802,
last accessed 1 Feb. 2014; “China: 10 dead in blast and stabbing rampage”, Sky News, 31 Jul. 2011,
http://news.sky.com/story/871018/china-10-dead-in-blast-and-stabbing-rampage,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

146
. Jacob Zenn, “Insurgency in Xinjiang Complicates Chinese-Pakistani Relations”,
Terrorism Monitor
, Vol. 10, Issue 8, 20 Apr. 2012,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2875031/posts,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

147
. Kamran Yousaf, “Looking towards East: Spy chief on a mission to Beijing”,
Express Tribune
, 1 Aug. 2011,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/221259/cias-pakistan-chief-leaves-country/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

148
. Shohret Hoshur (reporter), Mamatjan Juma (translator), and Joshua Lipes (writer), “Pakistan deports Uyghurs”, Radio Free Asia, 10 Aug. 2011,
http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html/,
last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

149
. Chi-Chi Zhang, “Muslim militant group claims western China attacks”, Associated Press, 8 Sep. 2011,
http://news.yahoo.com/muslim-militant-group-claims-western-china-attacks-070833873.html,
last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

150
. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2011.

151
. Ananth Krishnan, “Pakistan link to Xinjiang attacks questioned”,
The Hindu
, 11 Aug. 2011,
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/pakistan-link-to-xinjiang-attacks-questioned/article2344990.ece,last
accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

152
. Amir Mir, “China absolves Pakistan of Kashgar attacks”,
The News
, 12 Oct. 2011,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=9484&Cat=13,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

153
. Brian Spegele, “China points finger at Pakistan again”,
Wall Street Journal
, 7 Mar. 2012,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204781804577266952254783484,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013. “Evidence shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi riot: Chinese gov’t”, Xinhua, 9 Jul. 2009,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

154
. Jane Macartney, “Riot police battle protesters as China’s Uighur crisis escalates”,
The Times
, 7 Jul. 2009,
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2610804.ece,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

155
. “Chinese question police absence in ethnic riots”,
New York Times
, 18 Jul. 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/world/asia/18xinjiang.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

156
. “Evidence shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi riot: Chinese gov’t”, Xinhua, 8 Jul. 2007,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.