The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (42 page)

    
47
. Ibid.

    
48
. Kaplan,
Monsoon
, p. 74.

    
49
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

    
50
. Kemp, Geoffrey,
The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East
, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010, p. 25.

    
51
. Zahid Ali Khan, “China’s Gwadar and India’s Chahbahar: an Analysis of Sino-India Geo-strategic and Economic Competition”,
Strategic Studies
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last accessed 26 Jan 2014.

    
52
. “Gwadar go ahead…”,
World Cargo News
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53
. Ziad Haider, “Baluchis, Beijing, and Pakistan’s Gwadar Port”,
Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
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54
. “China may take over Gwadar port from Singaporean firm”,
Express Tribune
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last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
55
. Zahid Ali Khan, “China’s Gwadar”.

    
56
. “Rs16.3bn released for Gwadar port project”,
Dawn
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57
. Aiza Azam, “Gwadar: from slumber to strategic hub”,
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58
. “Makran Coastal Highway Project (MCHP)”, Frontier Works Organisation of Pakistan,
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59
. Musharraf, Pervez, “Address at the inauguration of Gwadar Deep Seaport”, 20 Mar. 2007,
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last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
60
. “Gwadar Port”, Business Recorder, 22 Feb. 2013,
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last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
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. Syed Fazl-e-Haider, “China calls halt to Gwadar refinery”,
Asia Times
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last accessed 26 Jan 2014.

    
62
. “Development of Gwadar Port road linkages NHA’s top priority”,
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last accessed 12 Dec. 2013.

    
63
. John Garver, “Development of China’s Overland Transportation Links with Central, South-west and South Asia”,
China Quarterly
, No. 185, Mar. 2006, pp. 1–22.

    
64
. Syed Fazl-e-Haider, “China calls halt”.

    
65
. Imtiaz Ahmad, “Gwadar awaits Chinese takeover”,
Hindustan Times
, 27 Feb. 2013,
http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/gwadar-awaits-chinese-takeover/article1–1018585.aspx,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
66
. Syed Fazl-e-Haider, “China set to run Gwadar port as Singapore quits”,
Asia Times
, 5 Sep. 2012,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/NI05Cb01.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
67
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2010.

    
68
. Syed Fazl-e-Haider, “China set to run”.

    
69
. Ziad Haider, “Baluchis, Beijing”.

    
70
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

    
71
. Frédéric Grare, “Pakistan: The Resurgence of Baluch Nationalism”, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007,
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last accessed 3 Jan. 2014.

    
72
. “Chinese, Pakistanis back at work in Gwadar”, Reuters, 7 May 2004

    
73
. “6 rockets fired near Gwadar airport”,
Dawn
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last accessed 23 Nov. 2013.

    
74
. “Rocket fired on PC Hotel Gwadar”,
Daily Times
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last accessed 18 Nov. 2014.

    
75
. “Chinese camp in Pakistan attacked”,
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last accessed 23 Nov. 2013.

    
76
. “Chinese workers feared dead in Pakistan bombing”, Associated Press, 19 Jul. 2007,
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last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
77
. Declan Walsh, “Chinese company will run strategic Pakistani port”,
New York Times
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accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
78
. Gabe Collins and Andrew Erickson, “Still a pipedream: Pakistan-to-China Rail Corridor is not a substitute for maritime transport”,
China SignPost
, No. 13, 22 Dec. 2010,
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last accessed 13 Dec. 2013.

    
79
. John Lee and Charles Horner, “China faces barriers in the Indian Ocean”,
Asia Times
, 10 Jan. 2014,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN02–100114.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
80
. James Holmes, U.S. Naval War College, quoted in “How important is Gwadar port for China?”,
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http://www.asianwarrior.com/2013/06/how-important-is-gwadar-port-for-china.html#.Uu3UkXmQePE,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
81
. Farhan Bokhari and Kathrin Hille, “Pakistan turns to China for naval base”,
Financial Times
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http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3914bd36–8467–11e0-afcb-00144feabdc0.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
82
. “Gwadar port integral to China maritime expansion”,
Express Tribune
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http://tribune.com.pk/story/508607/gwadar-port-integral-to-china-maritime-expansion/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
83
. Indranil Banerjee, “The Indian Navy At War: 1971 Blockade From The Seas”, SAPRA India,
http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/Navy/History/1971war/Banerjee.Html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
84
. “Naval Moves Pose Pyschological Threat to Pakistan”,
Stratfor
, 23 May 2002,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/688524/posts,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
85
. Abdul Majeed and Anwar Kamal,
Gwadar: Integrated Development Vision
, Government of Baluchistan, Pakistan and IUCN, Pakistan, 2007, p. 1,
http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pk_gwadar_idv.pdf,
last accessed 13 Dec. 2013.

    
86
. “Navy to build base in Gwadar”,
Daily Times
, 19 Apr. 2004.

    
87
. Author interviews in Beijing, 2004–2011.

    
88
. Leslie Hook, “Chinese oil interests attacked in Libya”,
Financial Times
, 24 Feb. 2011,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/eef58d52–3fe2–11e0–811f00144feabdc0.html#axzz2nMSvVMji,
last accessed 12 Dec. 2013.

    
89
. “In Libya, mass evacuation of foreigners continues”, VOA News, 22 Feb. 2011,
http://www.voanews.com/content/us-other-nations-send-ferries-planes-to-libya-for-evacuations-116720514/135452.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
90
. “269 Chinese nationals arrive in Khartoum from Libya”,
Xinhua
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last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
91
. “Missile frigate Xuzhou transits Suez Canal, to arrive off Libya: China’s first operational deployment to Mediterranean addresses Libya’s evolving security situation”,
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last accessed 13 Dec. 2013.

    
92
. Andrew Erickson and Austin Strange, “No Substitute for Experience: Chinese Antipiracy Operations in the Gulf of Aden”, U.S. Naval War College,
China Maritime Study
, No. 10, Nov. 2013, p. 139.

    
93
. Gabe Collins and Andrew S. Erickson, “Implications of China’s Military Evacuation of Citizens from Libya”,
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, Vol. 11, Issue 4, 10 Mar. 2011,
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last accessed 14 Jan. 2014.

    
94
. Author interviews in Beijing, May 2011.

    
95
. “Suspicions on China’s taking over of Gwadar port are groundless”,
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, 20 Feb. 2013,
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/8137013.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
96
. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

    
97
. Li Boqiang, director of the China Center for Energy Economics Research at Xiamen University, quoted in Hao Zhou, “China to run Pakistani port”,
Global Times
, 1 Feb. 2013,
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/759538.shtml,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
98
. Khalid,
History
, p. 14.

    
99
. Ibid. p. 59.

100
. Ibid. p. 22.

101
. Ibid. p. 282.

102
. Ibid. pp. 282–85.

103
. Ibid. p. 273.

104
. “Convention between Great Britain, China and Tibet”, Reproduced for the Islamabad Policy Research Institute
Fact File
, 3 Jul. 1914,
http://www.ipripak.org/factfiles/ff43.shtml,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

105
. Khalid,
History
, p. 383.

106
. Ispahani,
Roads and Rivals
, p. 201.

107
. Ibid. p. 22.

108
. Barry Naughton, “The Third Front: Defence Industrialisation in the Chinese Interior”,
China Quarterly
, No. 115, Sep. 1988, pp. 351–86,
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3546864,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

109
. Khalid,
History
, p. 14.

110
. Syed, Anwar Hussain,
China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale
, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 93–6; Kux, Dennis,
The United States and Pakistan 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies
, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2001, p. 143.

111
. Khalid,
History
, p. xvii.

112
. “Pakistan buys 55% of China’s arms exports”,
Hindustan Times
, 19 Mar. 2013,
http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-buys-55-of-china-s-arms-exports/article1–1028561.aspx,
last accessed 13 Dec. 2013.

113
. Guy Martin, “Pakistan and China to jointly market Al Khalid tank”, Defence Web, 9 Nov. 2012,
http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28466:pakistan-and-china-to-jointly-market-al-khalid-tank&catid=112:ideas-2012&Itemid=254,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

114
. Bates, Gill and Evan S. Medeiros,
Chinese Arms Exports: Policy, Players and Process
, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, Aug. 2000, p. 45,
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/doctrine/chinarms.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

115
. Yezid Sayigh, “Arms Production in Pakistan and Iran: the Limits of Self-reliance”, in Eric H. Arnett (ed.),
Military Capacity and the Risk of War: China, India, Pakistan and Iran
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 168.

116
. “JF-17 Thunders: Pakistan to get 50 Chinese jets in six months”,
Express Tribune
, 21 May 2011,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/173009/jf-17-thunders-pakistan-to-get-50-chinese-stealth-jets-in-six-months/,
last accessed 21 May 2011.

117
. “PN gets F-22P frigate”,
The Nation
, 18 Apr. 2013,
http://www.nation.com.pk/karachi/18-Apr-2013/pn-gets-f-22p-frigate,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

118
. “Sino-Pak defence cooperation: Pakistan Navy inducts first fast attack craft”,
Express Tribune
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http://tribune.com.pk/story/369112/sino-pak-defence-cooperation-pakistan-navy-inducts-first-fast-attack-craft/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.