The China Study (57 page)

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Authors: T. Colin Campbell,Thomas M. Campbell

375
REFERENCES
14. These data are for villages SA, LC and RA for women and SA, QC and NB for men, as seen in
the monograph (Chen, et al. 1990)
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the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias." In: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky
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Metabolism and Atherosclerosis., pp. 135-148. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
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M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and
Atherosclerosis, pp. 9-17. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
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rabbits and rats." In: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.) , Animal and Vegetable Proteins in
Lipid Metabolism and Athersclerosis, pp. 19-49. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
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tein . Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio." Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429-431.
19. Dietary fat can be expressed as percent of total weight of the diet or as percent of total calo-
ries. Most commentators and researchers express fat as percent of total calories because we
primarily consume food to satisfy our need for calories, not our need for weight. I will do the
same throughout this book.
20. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1982.
21. United States Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General~ Report on
Nutrition and Health. Washington, DC: Superintendant of Documents, U.S. Government
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22. National Research Council, and Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications
for redUcing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
23. Expert Panel. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer, a global perspective. Washington,
DC: American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, 1997.
24. Exceptions include those foods artificially stripped of their fat , such as non-fat milk.
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26. U.S. Senate. "Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition." Washington, DC: U.s. Gov-
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28. There also were a number of other policy statements and large human studies that were
begun at about this time that were to receive much public discussion and that were founded
and/or interpreted in relation to dietary fat and these diseases. These included the initiation
of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines report series begun in 1980, the Harvard Nurses' Health Study
in 1984, the initial reports of the Framingham Heart Study in the 1960s, the Seven Countries
Study of Ancel Keys, the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) and others.
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32. Higginson 1, and Muir CS. "Epidemiology in Cancer." In: J. F Holland and E. Frei (eds.),
Cancer Medicine, pp. 241-306. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1973.
33. The correlation of fat intake with animal protein intake is 84% for grams of fat consumed and
70% for fat as a percent of calories.
376                                      THE CHINA STUDY
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cancer risk." (1993) : 17-25
37. It was not possible to statistically detect an association of blood hormone levels with breast
cancer risk within this group of women because their blood samples were taken at random
times of their menstrual cycles and breast cancer rates were so low, thus minimizing the abil-
ity to detect such an association, even when real.
38. Key TjA, Chenj, Wang DY, et al. "Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain."
Brit.}. Cancer 62 (1990) : 631-636.
39. These biomarkers include plasma copper, urea nitrogen, estradiol, prolactin, testosterone
and, inversely, sex hormone binding globulin, each of which has been known to be associated
with animal protein intake from previous studies.
40. For the total dietary fiber (TDF), the averages for China and the u.s. were 33.3 and 11.1
grams per day, respectively. The range of the county averages are 7.7-77.6 grams per day in
China, compared with a range of 2.4-26.6 grams per day for the middle 90% of American
males.
41. The correlation for plant protein was +0.53*** and for animal protein was +0.12.
42. In principle, using "cancer prevalence within families" as the outcome measurement more ef-
fectively controls for the various causes of cancer that associate with different kinds of cancer,
thus permitting study of an isolated effect of the dietary factor.
43. Guo W, Li j, Blot Wj, et al. "Correlations of dietary intake and blood nutrient levels with
esophageal cancer mortality in China." Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990) : 121-127.
44. The full effects of these fat-soluble antioxidants can be demonstrated only when antioxidant
concentrations are adjusted for the levels of LDL for individual subjects. This was not known
at the time of the survey, thus provisions were not made for this adjustment.
45. Kneller RW, Guo W, Hsing AW, et al. "Risk factors for stomach cancer in Sixty-five Chinese
counties." Cancer Epi. Biomarkers PreY. 1 (1992): 113-118.
46. Information Plus. Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.
47. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman jS, et al. "Carbohydrate Diet Program." Am. }. Med. 113
(2002) : 30-36.
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49. Wright jD, Kennedy-Stephenson j, Wang CY, et al. "Trends in Intake of Energy and Macro-
n u t r i e n t s - U n i t e d States, 1971-2000." Morbidity and mortality weekly report 53 (February 6,
2004): 80-82.
50. Noakes M, and Clifton PM. "Weight loss and plasma lipids." Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11 (2000):
65-70.
51. Bilsborough SA, and Crowe TC "Low-carbohydrate diets: what are the potential short- a n d
long-term health implications?" Asia Pac.}. Clin. Nutr. 12 (2003): 396-404.
52. Stevens A, Robinson DP, Turpin], et al. "Sudden cardiac death of an adolescent during diet-
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54. Atkins, 1999. Page 275.
55. Atkins claims that an antioxidant cocktail can protect against heart disease, cancer and aging,
a claim refuted by several large trials recently completed (see chapter 11).
56. Atkins, 1999. Page 103.
377
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57. Bone]. "Diet doctor Atkins 'obese', had heart problems: coroner: Widow angrily denies that
opponents' claims that heart condition caused by controverial diet." Ottawa Citizen February
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59. Horio F, Youngman LD, Bell RC , et al. "Thermogenesis, low-protein diets, and decreased de-
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61. The cited associations of total animal and plant protein intakes are taken from manuscript
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PART II
Chapter 5
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13. Now named the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ofthe National Institutes of Health
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378                                    THE CHINA STUDY
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