The China Study (61 page)

Read The China Study Online

Authors: T. Colin Campbell,Thomas M. Campbell

REFERENCES                                           393
61. Chandra V, Pandav R, Dodge HH, et a1. "Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a rural commu-
nity in India: the Indo-U.s. Study. " Neurology 57 (2001): 985--989.
62. Grant WB. "Dietary links to Alzheimer's Disease: 1999 Update." }. Alzheimers Dis 1 (1999):
197-201.
63. Grant WB. "Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in Nigeria and the United States. "
lAMA 285 (2001): 2448.
64. This recently published study is more interesting than the others because vitamin E was mea-
sured in a way that is more discriminating by considering the fact that vitamin E is carried in
the blood fat. That is, a high level of blood vitamin E may, at times, be due to high levels of
blood fat. (Am.). Epidemiol. 150 (1999); 37-44)
65. The effects of vitamin C and selenium in a study by Perkins (Am. J. Epidemio1. 150 (1999):
37-44) were not statistically significant in a logistic regression model, according to the au-
thors. I disagree with their conclusion because the inverse "dose-response" trend (high anti-
oxidant blood levels, less memory loss) was impressive and clearly Significant. The authors
failed to address this finding in their analysis.
66. Ortega RM , Requejo AM, Andres P, et a1. "Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of
elderly people. " Am.}. Clin. Nutr. 66 (1997): 803-809.
67. Perrig WJ, Perrig P, and Stahelin HB. "The relation between antioxidants and memory perfor-
mance in the old and very old."}. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 45 (1997): 718-724.
68. Gale CR, Martyn CN, and Cooper C. "Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of
elderly people." Brit. Med. loum. 312 (1996): 608-611.
69. GoodwinJS, GoodwinJM, and Garry PJ. "Association between nutritional status and cogni-
tive functioning in a healthy elderly population." lAMA 249 (1983): 2917-2921.
70. Jama lW, Launer LJ, Witteman JCM, et al. "Dietary antioxidants and cognitive function in
a population-based sample of older persons: the Rotterdam Study." Am. }. Epidemiol. 144
(1996): 275-280.
71. Martin A, Prior R, Shukitt-Hale B, et al. "Effect of fruits, vegetables or vitamin E-rich diet on
vitamins E and C distribution in peripheral and brain tissues: implications for brain func-
tion ." }. Gerontology 55A (2000): BI44-8151.
72. JosephJA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, et al. "Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal
signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or
strawberry dietary supplementation."}. Neurosci . 19 (1999): 8114-8121.
73. Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnon D, et al. "Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on
development of stroke in men." lAMA 273 (1995): 1113-1117.
74. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, et a1. "Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the
Rotterdam Study." Ann. Neurol . 42 (1997): 776-782.
75. Alzheimer's trend was not statistically significant, perhaps due to the small number of disease
cases.
76. Clarke R, Smith D,Jobst KA, et al. "Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels
in confirmed Alzheimer disease." Arch. Neurol. 55 (1998): 1449-1455.
77. McCully KS. "Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis: development and current status." In:
A. M. Gotto, Jr. and R. Paoletti (eds.), Athersderosis reviews, Vol. 11, pp. 157-246. New York:
Raven Press, 1983.
78. There is a potential snag in this logic, however. Homocysteine levels are regulated in part by
B vitamins, most notably folic acid and vitamin Bn , and people who are deficient in these
vitamins may have higher homocysteine levels. People who do not consume animal-based
foods are at risk for having low Bn levels, and thus high homocysteine levels. However, as
described in chapter eleven, this has more to do with our separation from nature, and not a
defiCiency of plant-based diets.
394                                  THE (HINA STUDY
PART III
1. http://www.southbeachdiet.com. accessed 4/26104
Chapter 11
1. Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution. New York, NY: Avon Books, 1999.
2. The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. "The effect of vitamin
E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers." New
Engl.]. Med. 330 (1994): 1029-1035.
3. Omenn GS , Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. "Effects of a combination of beta carotene
and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease." New Engl . ]. Med. 334 (1996):
1150-1155.
4. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. "Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer
and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale. " Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003):
51-55.
5. Morris CD, and Carson S. "Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular dis-
ease: a summary of the evidence for the u.s. Preventive Services Task Force." Ann. Internal
Med. 139 (2003): 56-70.
6. Kolata G. "Vitamins: more may be too many (Science Section)." The New York Times April 29,
2003: 1,6.
7. U.s. Department of Agriculture. "USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference." Wash-
ington , DC: U.s. Deparunent of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002. Accessed at
http://www.naI.USDA.gov/fnidfoodcomp
8. Holden ]M, Eldridge AL, Beecher GR, et a1. "Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of
the database."]' Food Compo Anal. 12 (1999): 169-196.
9. The exact food listings in the database were: Ground Beef, 80% lean meatl20% fat, raw; Pork,
fresh, ground, raw; Chicken, broilers or fryers, meat and skin, raw; Milk, dry, whole; Spinach,
raw; Tomatoes, red, ripe, raw, year-round average; Lima Beans, large, mature seeds, raw; Peas,
green, raw; Potatoes, russet, flesh and skin, raw.
10. Mozafar A. "Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers."
Plant and Soil 167 (1994): 305-311.
11 . Brand D, and Segelken R. "Largest scientific effort in Cornell's history announced." Cornell
Chronicle May 9,2002
12. Ashrafi K, Chang FY, Watts ]L, et al. "Genome-wide RNAi analysis of Caenorhabitis elegans
fat regulatory genes. " Nature 421 (2003): 268-272.
13. Shermer M. "Skeptical sayings. Wit and wisdom from skeptiCS past and present." Skeptic 9
(2002): 28.
14. I've never really liked putting such specific cutoff points on initiation, promotion and pro-
gression of chronic disease, because these cutoff points for each stage of chronic disease are
completely arbitrary. What's important to know is that a chronic disease can be with us for
most of our lives, and if it progresses, it will do so in a very fluid, continuous manner.
15. Hildenbrand GLG, Hildenbrand LC, Bradford K, et a1. "Five-year survival rates of melanoma
patients treated by diet therapy after the manner of Gerson: a retrospective review." Alterna-
tive Therapies in Health and Medicine 1 (1995): 29-37.
16. McDougall ]A. McDougam Medicine, A Challenging Second Opinion. Piscataway, NJ: New
Century Publishers, Inc., 1985.
17. Swank RL. "Multiple sclerosis: twenty years on low fat diet. ยป Arch. Neurol. 23 (1970): 460-
474.
395
REFERENCES
18. Swank RL. "Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis." Lancet
336 (1990): 37-39.
PART IV
Chapter 13
1. Colen BD. "To die in Tijuana; a story of faith, hope and laetrile. " The Washington Post Maga-
zine, September 4, 1977: 10.
2. BUITOS M. "The sting? America's supplements appetite; scientists are dubious, but America's
appetite for food supplements keeps growing." The Washington Post August 2,1979: E1.
3. Hilgartner S. Science on Stage. Expert advice as public drama. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univer-
sity Press, 2000.
4. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1982.
5. U.s. Senate. "Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition." Washington, DC: U.s. Gov-
e r n m e n t Printing Office, 1977.
6. American Council of Science and Health. 01/08/04. Accessed at http://www.achs.orglabout!
index.html
7. Mindfully.org. 01/08/2004. Accessed at http://www.mindfully.orglPesticide!ACSH-koop.htm
8. American Society for Nutritional Sciences. 01/08104. Accessed at hUp:llwww.asns.org
Chapter 14
1. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1982.
2. United States Federal Trade Commission. "Complaint counsel's proposed findings of fact,
conclusions oflaw and proposed order (Docket No. 9175) ." Washington, DC: United States
Federal Trade Commission, December 27, 1985.
3. Associated Press. "Company news; General Nutrition settles complaint." The New York Times
june 14, 1988: D5.
4. Willett W. "Diet and cancer: one view at the start of the millennium." Cancer Epi. Biom. Prevo
10 (2001): 3-8.
5. Belanger CF, Hennekens CH, Rosner B, et al. "The Nurses' Health Study. " Am. J. Nursing
(1978): 1039-1040.
6. Marchione M. "Taking the long view; for 25 years, Harvard's Nurses' Health Study has sought
answers to women's health questions." Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel july 16, 2001: 01G.
7. Carroll KK. "Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers. "
Cancer Res. 35 (1975): 3374-3383.
8. Chenj, Campbell TC, Lij, et al. Diet, life-style and mortality in China. A study of the character-
istics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press;
Cornell University Press; People's Medical PUblishing House, 1990.
9. Hu FB, Stampfer Mj, MansonjE, et al. "Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in
women." Am. Journ. Clin. Nutr. 70 (1999): 221-227.
10. Holmes MD, Hunter Dj, Colditz GA, et al. "Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids
with risk of breast cancer." JAMA 281 (1999) : 914-920.
ll. U.S. Department of Agriculture. "Agriculture Fact Book." Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 1998. cited in: Information Plus Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX:
Information Plus, 1999.
12. While the average percentage of calories derived from fat has gone down slightly, average
daily fat intake, in grams, has stayed the same or has gone up.
13. Information Plus. Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.
THE CHINA STUDY
396
14. Wegmans.com. 01/19104. Accessed at http://www.wegmans.comlrecipes
15. Mardiweb.com. "Cheesecake." 01119104. Accessed at http://mardiweb,com/lowfat/dessert,ht
m#RecipeOO0857
16. Anonymous. "Center to Coordinate Women's Health Study." Chicago Sun-Times October 12,
1992: 14N.
17. Prentice RL, Kakar F, Hursting S, et al. "Aspects of the rationale for the Women's Health
Trial."]. Natl. Cancer Ins!. 80 (1988): 802-814.
18, Henderson MM, Kushi LH, Thompson Dj, et al. "Feasibility of a randomized trial of a low-
fat diet for the prevention of breast cancer: dietary compliance in the Women's Health Trail
Vanguard Study." Prev, Med. 19 (1990): 115-133.
19. Self S, Prentice R, Iverson D, et al. "Statistical design of the Women's Health Trial." Controlled
Clin, Trials 9 (1988): 119-136.
20. Armstrong D, and Doll R, "Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in
different countries, with special reference to dietary practices." In!. ]. Cancer 15 (1975):
617-631.
21. Campbell TC. "The dietary causes of degenerative diseases: nutrients vs foods. " In: N, ].
Temple and D. P. Burkitt (eds,), Western diseases: their dietary prevention and reversibility, pp.
119-152. Totowa, Nj: Humana Press, 1994.
22. White E, Shattuck AL, Kristal AR, et al. "Maintenance of a low-fat diet: follow-up of the
Women's Health Trial." Cancer Epi. Biom, PreVo 1 (1992): 315-323,
23, Willett WC, Hunter Dj, Stampfer Mj, et al. "Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast
cancer, An 8-year follow-up. " ] ' Am. Med. Assoc. 268 (1992): 2037-2044,
24. Willett W "Dietary fat and breast cancer. " Toxieol. Sci, 52[Suppl] (1999): 127-146,
25. Hunter Dj, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O, et al. "Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of
breast cancer-a pooled analysis." New Engl.]. Med. 334 (1996): 356-361.
26, Missmer SA, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et aL "Meat and dairy consumption and breast
cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies." Int,]. Epidemiol. 31 (2002): 78-85.
27, Rockhill B, Willett WC, Hunter Dj, et al. "Physical activity and breast cancer risk in a cohort
of young women."]. Na!. Cancer Ins!. 90 (1998): 1155-1160,
28, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O, et aL "Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a
pooled analysis of cohort studies." In!.]. Cancer 92 (2001): 767-774,
29, Hunter DJ, MorrisjS, Stampfer Mj, et al. "A prospective study of selenium status and breast
cancer risk." lAMA 264 (1990): 1128-1131.
30. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun S-S, et al. "Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of
breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies," lAMA 285 (2001): 769-776,
31. Mukamal Kj, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, et al. "Roles of drinking pattern and type of al-
cohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men." New Engl.]. Med, 348 (2003): 109-118.
32. Tanasescu M, Hu FB, Willett WC, et al. "Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart dis-
ease among men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus,"]' Am, Call. Cardial , 38 (2001) : 1836-1842,
33. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun S-S, et al. "Alcohol and breast cancer in women, A
pooled analysis of cohort studies," lAMA 279 (1998): 535-540.
34. He K, Rimm EB, Merchant A, et aL "Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men." lAMA 288
(2002): 3130-3136.
35. Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell C), et aL "Fish consumption and risk of sudden car-
diac death," lAMA 279 (1998) : 23-28.
36. U.S. Department of Agriculture. "USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference." Wash-
ington, DC: U.s. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002, Accessed at
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnidfoodcomp
37. Hu FB, Stampfer Mj, Rimm EB, et al. "A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of
cardiovascular disease in men and women," lAMA 281 (1999) : 1387-1394.
REFERENCES                                           397
38. Hu FB, MansonJE, and Willett we. "Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease:
a critical review."]. Am. Coli. Nutr. 20 (2001): 5-19.
39. Mitchell S. "Eggs might reduce breast cancer risk." United Press International Feb. 21, 2003
40. Steinmetz, K. A. and Potter,]. D. "Egg consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum." Eur.
]. Cancer Prev., 3: 237-245, 1994.
41. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. "Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk
of colon cancer in men." Cancer Res. 54 (1994): 2390-2397.
42. Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, et al. "Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer
and adenoma in women." New Engl.]. Med. 340 (1999): 169-176.
43. Higginson]. "Present trends in cancer epidemiology." Proc. Can. Cancer Conf. 8 (1969): 40-75.
44. Burkitt DP. "Epidemiology of cancer ofthe colon and the rectum." Cancer 28 (1971): 3-13.
45. Trowell HC, and Burkitt DP. Western diseases: their emergence and prevention. London: Butler
&: Tanner, Ltd., 1981.
46. Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Noffel M, et al. "A meta-analysis of studies of dietary-fat and breast can-
cer risk." Brit.]. Cancer 68 (1993): 627-636.
47. Campbell Te. "Animal protein and ischemic heart disease." Am. ]. Clin. Nutr. 71 (2000):
849-850.
48. Hu FB, and Willett W. "Reply to TC Campbell." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 71 (2000): 850.
49. Morris CD, and Carson S. "Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular dis-
ease : a summary of the evidence for the u.s. Preventive Services Task Force." Ann. Internal
Med. 139 (2003): 56--70.
50. U.s. Preventive Services Task Force. "Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and
cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale." Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 51-55.
Chapter 15
1. Putman 11, and Allshouse JE. "Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1970-95."
Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, 1997. Cited in: Information Plus.
Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.
2. National Dairy Council. July 15, 2003. Accessed at http;//www.nationaldairycouncil.org!
aboutus.asp
3. Dairy Management Inc. "What is Dairy Management Inc.?" February 12,2004. Accessed at
http://www.dairycheckoff.comlwhatisdmi.htm
4. Dairy Management Inc. Press release. "Dairy checkoff 2003 unified marketing plan budget
geared to help increase demand in domestic and international markets." Rosemont, IL: Janu-
ary 24, 2003. Accessed at http;//www.dairycheckoff.comlnewslrelease-012403.asp
5. National Watermelon Promotion Board. January 12, 2004. Accessed at http://www.watermelon.org
6. Dairy Management Inc. "2001 Annual Report. " Dairy Management, Inc. , 2001. Accessed at
http://www.dairycheckoff.comlannualreport.htrnl
7. United States Department of Agriculture. "Report to Congress on the National Dairy Pro-
m o t i o n and Research Program and the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program."
2000. Accessed at http://www.arns.usda.gov/dairy/prb_intro.htm.lN
8. United States Department of Agriculture. "Report to Congress on the National Dairy Pro-
motion and Research Program and the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program. "
2003. Accessed at http://www.ams.usda.gov/dairy/prb/prb_repc2003.htm
9. Nutrition Explorations. July; 2003. Accessed at http://www.nutritionexplorations.com
10. Powell A. "School of Public Health hosts food fight: McDonald's, dairy industry, dietary
reformers face off at symposium. " Harvard Gazette: 24 October 2002. Accessed at http:
IIwww.news.harvard.edulgazettel2002l10.24/09-food.html
11. Ha YL, Grimm NK, and Pariza MW. "Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered
derivatives oflinoleic acid." Carcinogensis 8 (1987): 1881-1887.

Other books

Splitting by Fay Weldon
Bloodied Ivy by Robert Goldsborough
WILD (Naked, Book 3) by Favor, Kelly
Ties That Bind by Natalie R. Collins
Tinder Stricken by Heidi C. Vlach
Tempestuous Relations by Amanda Young
Ghosts of Tom Joad by Peter Van Buren