The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (34 page)

25. Fogelson,
op. cit.,
42; Wells,
op. cit.,
32.

26. Jacques Ellul,
The Technological Society,
trans. John Wilkinson (New York: Vintage, 1967), 113–15; Norman Birnbaum,
The Crisis of Industrial Society
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 113–14.

27. B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore,
The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre
and Every Business a Stage
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 1999), 1–3; a good discussion of Las Vegas as modern urban paradigm can be found in Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour,
Learning
from Las Vegas
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977).

28. Keith Schneider and Charlene Crowell, “Granholm’s Urban Theory,” Great Lakes News Service, May 6, 2004; Richard Florida, “The Rise of the Creative Class,”
The Washington Monthly,
May 2002; Larry Solomon, “Canada’s Out-sourcing,”
Financial Post,
March 31, 2004; Peggy Curan, “Montreal’s Bright Side,”
The Gazette,
September 25, 2000.

29. Alan Cowell, “Manchester Rising,”
The New York Times,
June 24, 2001; Bruce Weber, “Arts Sapling Bears Fruit in Downtown U.S.,” The New York Times, November 19, 1997; Ben Craft, “City of Brotherly Love Bets on the Arts,”
The
Wall Street Journal,
June 24, 1998; “In London’s Shadow,”
The Economist,
August 1, 1998; Yusuf and Wu, “Pathways to a World City.”

30. Richard Bernstein, “Vienna’s Grandeur Fails to Mask a Sense of Loss,”
The
New York Times,
August 3, 2003; Akin Ojumu, “Escape: Berlin,”
The Observer,
July 15, 2001; John Burgess, “A Renaissance of Counterculture,”
The WashingtonPost,
March 9, 2004; David Wessel, “If a City Isn’t Sunny—and Air Conditioned—It Should Be Smart,”
The Wall Street Journal,
February 26, 2004.

31. Peter Hall, “Changing Geographies: Technology and Income,” in
High Tech
nology and Low-Income Communities: Prospects for the Positive Use of Advanced Information Technology, ed. Donald A. Schon, Bish Sanyal, and William J. Mitchell (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), 51–53; “Engine Failure.”

32. Jean Gottmann,
The Coming of the Transactional City
(College Park: University of Maryland Press, 1983), 28–43.

33. Robert Bruegmann, “The American City: Urban Aberration or Glimpse of the Future,” in
Preparing for the Urban Future: Global Pressures and Local Forces,
ed. Michael A. Cohen, Blair A. Ruble, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Allison Garland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 59.

34. Tyler Cowen,
In Praise of Commercial Culture
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 31, 83–96, 108–10, 120.

35. David Clark,
op. cit.,
161–63; Taichi Sakaiya,
The Knowledge-Value Revolution, or,
A History of the Future,
trans. George Fields and William Marsh (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1985), 348; “Population Drop to Affect Tokyo Policy,”
Daily Yomiuri,
January 31, 1997; Yusuf and Wu, “Pathways to a World City,”; “Falling Birth Rates Revive E. E. Debate on Immigration,”
The Hindu,
May 31, 2001; “State of the World’s Population, 1999.”

36. Tamara Theissen, “Marriages, Mussolini Losing Their Grip in Italy,”
The
Gazette
(Montreal), August 6, 2000; Susan H. Greenberg, “The Rise of the Only Child,”
Newsweek,
April 23, 2001; David Holley, “Italy’s Aging Bambini,”
Los Angeles Times,
September 14, 2002; “Population Drop to Affect Tokyo Policy”; “Global Baby Bust,”
The Wall Street Journal,
January 24, 2003.

37. “Uptown, Downtown,” advertising supplement to the
Dallas Morning News,
April 14, 1999; Yusuf and Wu, “Pathways to a World City”; Weber, “Arts Sapling Bears Fruit in Downtown US.”

38. Julian Wolpert, “Center Cities as Havens or Traps for Low Income Communities: The Potential Impact of Advanced Information Technology,” in
High
Technology and Low-Income Communities, 78–94; Hill and Kim, “Global Cities and Development States”; Logan,
op. cit.,
158–59; Castells,
The Informational
City,
172–228.

39. Eli Lehrer, “Broken Windows Reconsidered,”
Public Interest
(Summer 2002); Friedmann,
op. cit.,
40–41.

40. Fred Siegel, “The Death and Life of American Cities,”
The Public Interest
(Summer 2002).

41. Burdett, “Toward the 21st Century.”

42. Larry Rohter, “As Crime and Politics Collide in Rio, City Cowers in Fear,”
The Wall Street Journal,
May 8, 2003; Jonathan Friedlan, “Living a Cut Above Mexico: Offices, Shops and Restaurants Cash In Need for ‘Safer Ground,’ ”
The Wall Street Journal,
June 24, 1998.

43. Linden, “The Exploding Cities of the Developing World”; Vidal, “Disease Stalks New Megacities”; Thomas H. Maugh, “Plunder of Earth Began with Man,”
Los Angeles Times,
June 12, 1994.

44. Drakakis-Smith,
op. cit.,
8, 38; Lofchie,
op. cit.,
23; McGill,
op. cit.,
21; Gilbert and Gugler,
op. cit.,
25; Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South”; “Black Flight,”
The Economist,
Feburary 24, 1996.

45. Bianca,
op. cit.,
329–30.

46. Ali Parsa et al., “Emerging Global Cities”; Robert Looney, “Beirut: Reviving Lebanon’s Past,”
Journal of Third World Studies
(Fall 2001).

47. Frantz Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove Press, 1965), 315.

48. Fouad Ajami, “Arabs Have Nobody to Blame but Themselves,”
The Wall Street
Journal,
October 16, 2001; Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon,
The Age of SacredTerror
(New York: Random House, 2002), 79.

49. Yossi Klein Halevi, “Islam’s Outdated Domination Theology,”
Los Angeles
Times,
December 4, 2002; Benjamin and Simon,
op. cit.,
5.

50. “One Year Later: New Yorkers More Troubled, Washingtonians More on Edge,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, September 2003; “The Impact of 9/11 on Workplace Security and Business Continuity Planning,” Business Continuity Planning, October 2002; Daniel Benjamin, “The 1,776 Foot Target,”
The New York Times,
March 23, 2004; Jonathan D. Glater, “Travel Fears Cause Some to Commute Online,”
The New York Times,
April 7, 2003;
Innovation Briefs,
Urban Mobility Corporation, July–August 2002.

51. Benjamin, “The 1,776 Foot Target”; Pelton, “The Rise of Telecities: Decentralizing the Global Society”; Jason Singer, “Tokyo Braces for Tsunami of New High-Rises,” The Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2002; Charles V. Bagli, “$3.7 Billion Plan to Alter Far West Side Is Revealed,”
The New York
Times,
February 12, 2004; Margaret Ryan, “Skyscrapers Transforming City Skyline,”
BBC News Online,
March 24, 2004.

52. Jane Jacobs,
The Economy of Cities
(New York: Random House, 1969), 141.

53. H. J. Dyos, “Agenda for Urban History,” in
The Study of Urban History,
1; Ryan, “Skyscrapers Transforming City Skyline.”

54. Coulanges,
op. cit.,
310.

55. Mike Biddulph, “Villages Don’t Make a City,”
Journal of Urban Design
5, no. 1 (2000); William J. Stern, “How Dagger John Saved New York’s Irish,”
City
Journal
(Spring 1997).

56. Eli Lehrer, “Broken Windows Reconsidered”; Charles Zwingmann and Maria Pfister-Ammende, Uprooting and After (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1973), 25; Schorske,
op. cit.,
109–11.

57. Daniel Bell,
The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting
(New York: Basic Books, 1973), 367, 433; Arthur Herman,
The Idea of Decline
in Western History
(New York: Free Press, 1997), 312, 348–57.

58. Lenn Chow, Des Verma, Martin Callacott, and Steve Kaufmann, “Ethno-Politics Threaten Canadian Democracy,”
National Post,
March 31, 2004; Stephen Toulmin,
Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 26.

59. Hill and Kim, “Global Cities and Development States”; Weiming Tu, “Beyond Enlightenment Mentality”; David Bonavia,
The Chinese: A Portrait
(London: Penguin, 1980), 18–19; “Shanghai Tries to Stay Original,”
China
Daily, August 6, 2002; Lily Kong and Brenda S. A. Yeoh, “Urban Conservation in Singapore: A Survey of State Policies and Popular Attitudes,”
Urban Studies
(March 1994).

60. Bianca,
op. cit.,
324–41; Wilfred Cabtwell Smith,
Islam in Modern History
(New York: Mentor, 1959), 204–7; Naycan-Levent, “Globalization and Development Strategies for Istanbul”; Bruce Stanley, “Going Global and Wannabe World Cities: (Re)conceptualizing Regionalism in the Middle East,” Globalization and World Cities Study Group, 2003; David Lamb, “In Egypt, a Bastion of Learning Rises from the Ashes of History,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 5, 2002.

SUGGESTED READING

Although writing is a largely solitary art, in the process of completing this work I found good companions in literally hundreds of books. Following is a list of the volumes that readers might find most useful as they continue their exploration of urban history.

In trying to write history, one experiences few greater pleasures than those first-person accounts that bring the reader closer to the daily life and times of cities in their contemporary context. I have started the text with one—Bernal Díaz del Castillo’s
The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico,
1517–1521,
an almost magical work that transports the reader to the first encounter of Europeans with the great urban civilization of central Mexico.

Other books that have given me this first-person insight include the work of the Greek historian Herodotus, writings of the Roman satirist Petronius, the poetry of Dante, the diaries of the Arab traveler ibn Battuta, the memoirs of Marco Polo, the reminiscences of the British historian and longtime Japan resident G. C. Allen, the poetry of William Blake, and the novels of John Dos Passos. All of these are cited in the text.

Perhaps the hardest thing to find are books that take in the broad sweep of urban history. Without question, the classic work remains Lewis Mumford’s
The City in History
(Harcourt Brace, 1961). I have assigned this book to my classes on the history of cities, and despite its weight and complexity, it inevitably inspires, stimulates, and at time infuriates them. I would also recommend the series of essays collected in Mumford’s
The
Urban Prospect
(Harcourt Brace, 1968).

Other works have value in understanding the evolution of cities. A.E.J. Morris’s
History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolution
(Longman, 1994);
Cities in Civilization
(Pantheon Books, 1998) by Peter Hall; and Mark Girouard’s
Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History
(Yale University Press, 1985) provide many interesting insights.

In terms of understanding the demography of cities, I have relied heavily on Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox’s
Three Thousand Years of
Urban Growth
(Academic Press, 1974) and essays in
Urbanization in History:
A Process of Dynamic Interactions
(Clarendon Press, 1990). This reliance was tempered by the recognition that demographic estimates, particularly in the further past, are notoriously speculative. In most cases, I have tried to err toward the most conservative estimates or to give readers the widest range of possible truths.

The work of William H. McNeill was particularly useful in two areas. His
Plagues and Peoples
(Anchor Press, 1976), with its emphasis on the impact of disease on the development of cities, let me look at urban evolution from a distinctly biological point of view. Similarly, his
The Pursuit of
Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since A.D. 1000 (University of Chicago Press, 1982) provided a focus on the often unappreciated role of military technology. Along with these works, I frequently consulted a longtime favorite,
Cross-Cultural Trade in World History,
by Philip D. Curtin (Cambridge University Press, 1984), on matters relating to transnational commerce, one of the prime shapers of great cities.

In this book, I have made particular reference to the issue of religion, moral order, and sacred place. This is a notion that, while clear to secular scholars such as Mumford, has all too often been lost among modern historians. Mircea Eliade’s
The Myth of the Eternal Return,
translated by Willard R. Trask (Princeton University Press, 1971), was especially inspirational in discussing the religious roots of the urban experience, as was Jacques Ellul’s
The Meaning of the City
(Vintage, 1967).