The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (27 page)

11. Romila Thapar,
A History of India,
vol. 1 (New York: Penguin, 1990), 55–61; Clark,
op. cit.,
190–91.

12. Clark,
op. cit.,
226–28.

13. Hardoy,
op. cit.,
6–10; Clark,
op. cit.,
224.

14. Wheatley,
op. cit.,
7, 182.

15. Sen-Dou Chang, “Historical Trends of Chinese Urbanization,”
Annals of
the Association of American Geographers 53, no. 2 (June 1963): 109–17; Morris,
op. cit.,
2.

16. Laurence J. C. Ma, Commercial Development and Urban Change in Sung China, Michigan Geographical Society, 1971.

17. Alfred Schinz,
Cities in China
(Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 1989), 10–15; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
302.

18. Paul Wheatley and Thomas See,
From Court to Capital: A Tentative Interpretation
of the Origins of the Japanese Urban Tradition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 70–75, 110–15.

19. Ibid., 131–33; Nicolas Fieve and Paul Waley, “Kyoto and Edo-Tokyo: Urban Histories in Parallels and Tangents,” in
Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective:Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo,
ed. Nicolas Fieve and Paul Waley (London: Routledge Curzun, 2002), 6–7.

CHAPTER THREE: THE FIRST COMMERCIAL CAPITALS

1. T. R. Fehrenbach,
Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico
(New York: Macmillan, 1979), 42; Sabloff,
op. cit.,
41; Elman R. Service,
Origins of the State and Civiliza
tion: The Process of Cultural Evolution (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), 221–31; Wheatley,
op. cit.,
371; July,
op. cit.,
28–29.

2. Victor F. S. Sit, Beijing: The Nature and Planning of a Chinese Capital City (New York: John Wiley, 1995), 6–28; Wheatley,
op. cit.,
126–27, 133, 176, 188–89; Levenson and Schurmann,
op. cit.,
99–100.

3. Michael Grant,
The Ancient Mediterranean
(New York: Scribner’s, 1969), 62–63.

4. Ibid., 74–76.

5. Sabatino Moscati,
The World of the Phoenicians,
trans. Alastair Hamilton (New York: Praeger, 1968), 99, 101.

6. Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
300.

7. Childe,
op. cit.,
140.

8. Isaiah 23:8; Hammond,
op. cit.,
89–91.

9. Herodotus,
op. cit.,
126.

10. Gerhard Herm,
The Phoenicians: The Purple Empire of the Ancient World
(New York: William Morrow, 1975), 79–81, 88–89.

11. Hammond,
op. cit.,
75–86.

12. Knapp,
op. cit.,
190–91; Grant,
op. cit.,
77–78; Clark,
op. cit.,
161; Herodotus,
op.
cit.,
299.

13. Moscati,
op. cit.,
10.

14. Ibid., 123–26.

15. Ibid., 116–21; Herm,
op. cit.,
129.

16. Herm,
op. cit.,
144–60.

17. Ibid., 214; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
302.

18. Moscati,
op. cit.,
131–35; Grant,
op. cit.,
125, 129–30.

19. Moscati,
op. cit.,
135.

CHAPTER FOUR: THE GREEK ACHIEVEMENT

1. Knapp,
op. cit.,
198; Gordon Childe,
The Dawn of European Civilization
(New York: Knopf, 1925), 24–28; Grant,
op. cit.,
63, 88.

2. Knapp,
op. cit.,
202–4.

3. Childe,
The Dawn of European Civilization,
42–43.

4. Mumford,
op. cit.,
120–23.

5. Grant,
op. cit.,
108–10; Clark,
op. cit.,
150–51.

6. Grant,
op. cit.,
136–37.

7. Ibid., 192.

8. G.E.R. Lloyd, “Theories of Progress and Evolution,” in
Civilization of the AncientMediterranean,
ed. Michael Grant and Rachel Kitzinger (New York: Scribner’s, 1988), 27.

9. Aristotle,
The Politics,
trans. Carnes Lord (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 90.

10. Oswyn Murray, “Greek Forms of Government,” in
Civilization of the Ancient
Mediterranean,
439–53.

11. Ibid., 439.

12. Hall,
op. cit.,
35; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
300–301.

13. Philip D. Curtin,
Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 75–78; Alison Burford, “Crafts and Craftsmen,” in
Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean,
367.

14. Peter Walcott, “Images of the Individual,” 1284–87, and Stanley M. Burstein, “Greek Class Structures and Relations,” 529–31, in
Civilization of the Ancient
Mediterranean;
Hall,
op. cit.,
61; Aubrey de Sélincourt,
The World of Herodotus
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 193–97.

15. Hall,
op. cit.,
41; Mumford,
op. cit.,
163; McNeill,
op. cit.,
105.

16. Clark,
op. cit.,
162.

17. Thomas D. Boyd, “Urban Planning,” in
Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean,
1693–94; Mumford,
op. cit.,
149–51.

18. M. M. Austin, “Greek Trade, Industry, and Labor,” in
Civilization of the Ancient
Mediterranean,
727.

19. Ibid., 725–34.

20. Edith Hamilton, The Greek Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1930), 137.

21. Grant,
op. cit.,
168–80, 208–10; J. B. Ward-Perkins,
Cities of Ancient Greece and
Italy: Planning in Classical Antiquity
(New York: George Braziller, 1974), 16.

22. R. Ghirshman,
Iran
(New York: Penguin, 1954), 86, 130–33, 203–5; Knapp,
op.
cit.,
256–59.

23. Hall,
op. cit.,
66–67; Hamilton,
op. cit.,
142–46; Ghirshman,
op. cit.,
196–99; Austin,
op. cit.,
747.

24. Ghirshman,
op. cit.,
208–9.

25. Hall,
op. cit.,
38.

26. Curtin,
op. cit.,
80.

27. Michael Grant,
From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World
(New York: Scribner’s, 1982), 107–10; Ghirshman,
op. cit.,
211.

28. Boyd,
op. cit.,
1696.

29. Mumford,
op. cit.,
190–97.

30. Grant,
From Alexander to Cleopatra,
40–44.

31. Ibid., 37–40, 194–96, 198–203.

32. Burstein,
op. cit.,
545–46.

33. Samuel Sandmel,
Judaism and Christian Beginnings
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 30–31.

34. Grant,
From Alexander to Cleopatra,
80–88; Piggot,
op.cit.,
4, 22.

CHAPTER FIVE: ROME—THE FIRST MEGACITY

1. Petronius, The Satyricon, trans. J. P. Sullivan (New York: Penguin, 1986), 11–13.

2. Morris,
op. cit.,
37–38; Jéròme Carcopino,
Daily Life in Ancient Rome,
trans. E. O. Lorimer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), 16–20; Hall, op. cit., 621; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
302–3.

3. Mumford,
op. cit.,
237.

4. McNeill,
op. cit.,
104.

5. Carcopino,
op. cit.,
174.

6. John E. Stambaugh,
The Ancient Roman City
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 7–8.

7. Ibid., 11–12.

8. Massimo Pallottino,
The Etruscans,
trans. J. Cremona (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975), 95–97.

9. F. E. Adcock,
Roman Political Ideas and Practice
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964), 16.

10. Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges,
The Ancient City: A Study on the Religion, Laws,
and Institutions of Greece and Rome
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 17–52.

11. Ibid., 132–34.

12. Ibid., 182.

13. Ibid., 91.

14. Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
12, 18–19; Clark,
op. cit.,
164–66.

15. Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
33–35.

16. Keith Hopkins, “Roman Trade, Industry and Labor,” in
Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean,
774; Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
36–37; Morris,
op. cit.,
44.

17. Morris,
op. cit.,
45; Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
44–45.

18. Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
51.

19. E. J. Owens,
The City in the Greek and Roman World
(London: Routledge, 1991), 121–40, 150–52, 159.

20. Herbert Muller,
The Uses of the Past: Profiles of Former Societies
(London: Oxford University Press, 1952), 219–20.

21. Carcopino,
op. cit.,
20–27, 65.

22. Ibid., 45–51.

23. Petronius,
op. cit.,
129.

24. Morris,
op. cit.,
46–47; Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
150–53.

25. Stambaugh,
op. cit.,
144–45.

26. Morris,
op. cit.,
39–44.

27. Edward Gibbon,
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
vol. 1 (New York: Modern Library, 1995), 8.

28. Robert Lopez,
The Birth of Europe
(New York: M. Evans and Company, 1967), 15.

29. Charles Ludwig,
Cities in New Testament Times
(Denver: Accent Books, 1976), 12.

30. J.P.V.D. Balsdon, Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), 224–25.

31. Childe,
The Dawn of European Civilization,
267–73; Grant,
The Ancient Mediterranean,
293; Curtin,
op. cit.,
99–100.

32. Gibbon,
op. cit.,
33.

33. G. W. Bowerstock, “The Dissolution of the Roman Empire,” in The Collapse of
Ancient States and Civilizations,
169; Grant,
The Ancient Mediterranean,
297–99; Richard P. Saller, “Roman Class Structures and Relations,” in Civilization of the
Ancient Mediterranean,
569.

34. Muller,
op. cit.,
218.

35. Michael Grant,
The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition
(London: Routledge, 1994), 55–56; Muller,
op. cit.,
221.

CHAPTER SIX: THE ECLIPSE OF THE CLASSICAL CITY

1. Karl Marx,
Das Kapital,
trans. David Fernbach (New York: Vintage, 1977), vol. 1, 232; vol. 2, 730; Michael Grant,
The Fall of the Roman Empire
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1997), 103, 126–29.

2. Balsdon,
op. cit.,
203.

3. Grant,
The Fall of the Roman Empire,
103, 139.

4. McNeill,
op. cit.,
115–19.

5. Muller,
op. cit.,
228.

6. Ludwig,
op. cit.,
79–81, 85; Wayne A. Meeks, “Saint Paul of the Cities,” in Peter S. Hawkins, Civitas: Religious Interpretations of the City (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986), 17–23; Sandmel,
op. cit.,
337, 405.

7. Matthew 10:23.

8. Owens,
op. cit.,
47.

9. Grant,
The Fall of the Roman Empire,
291.

10. Jacob Burckhardt,
The Age of Constantine the Great
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 207; McNeill,
op. cit.,
122; Lopez,
op. cit.,
25.

11. Saint Augustine,
The City of God,
trans. Marcus Dods (New York: Modern Library, 1993), 476–77.

12. Joseph A. Tainter,
The Collapse of Complex Societies
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 127–50; Childe,
What Happened in History,
275.

13. Morris,
op. cit.,
44.

14. Dunbar von Kalckreuth,
Three Thousand Years of Rome,
trans. Caroline Fredrick (New York: Knopf, 1930), 141–43; Cyril Mango,
Byzantium: The Empire of New
Rome
(New York: Scribner’s, 1980), 21.

15. George L. Cowgill, “Onward and Upward with Collapse,” in The Collapse of
Ancient States and Civilizations,
270.