The Coming of the Third Reich (90 page)

147
AT 8, 31, 32, ibid., 486-7.

148
AT 22, ibid., 602; documentation on the train incident in Martin Broszat, ‘Die Anfänge der Berliner NSDAP 1926/27’,
VfZ
8 (1960), 85-118, at 115-18.

149
Merkl,
Political Violence,
617.

150
Giles, ‘The Rise’, 163.

151
Merkl,
Political Violence,
699.

152
Max Domarus (ed.),
Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations 1932-1945: The Chronicle of
a
Dictatorship
(4 vols., London, 1990- [1962-3]), I. 114 (speech to the Industry Club, Düsseldorf).

153
Turner,
German Big Business,
114-24. For the Communists, see Weber,
Die Wandlung,
I. 294-318.

154
AT 38, in Merkl,
Political Violence,
539.

155
AT 416 and 326, ibid., 540.

156
AT 4, ibid., 571.

157
Melita Maschmann,
Account Rendered: A Dossier on my Former Self
(London, 1964), 174-5.

158
Thomas Krause,
Hamburg wird braun:.Der Aufstieg der NSDAP 1921- 1933
(Hamburg, 1987), 102-7, a convincing critique of Michael Kater,
The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919-1945
(Oxford, 1983), 32-8. The 1935 census gives date of entry into the Party for each member, so that it is possible to calculate the composition of the Party at any given date.

159
Detlef Mühlberger, ‘A Social Profile of the Saxon NSDAP Membership before 1933’, in Szejnmann,
Nazism,
211-19; more generally, Broszat,
Der Staat Hitlers,
49- 53; Detlef Mühlberger,
Hitler’s Followers: Studies in the Sociology of the Nazi Movement
(London, 1991); and Peter Manstein,
Die Mitglieder und Wähler der
NSDAP
1919-1933: Untersuchungen zu ihrer schichtmässigen Zusammensetzung
(Frankfurt am Main, 1990 [1987]).

160
Josef Ackermann, ‘Heinrich Himmler: Reichsführer-SS‘, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite,
98-112; Alfred Andersch,
Der Vater eines Mörders: Eine Schulgeschichte
(Zurich, 1980), on Himmler’s father; Bradley F. Smith,
Heinrich Himmler 1900-1926:
A
Nazi in the Making
(Stanford, Calif., 1971), is the basic work on Himmler’s early years.

161
Quoted in Ackermann, ‘Heinrich Himmler‘, 103; see also Josef Ackermann,
Himmler als Ideologe
(Göttingen, 1970).

162
Heinz Höhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s
SS (Stanford, Calif., 1971 [1969]), 26-39.

163
Fest,
The Face,
171-90, though, as with many other writers on Himmler, he takes an excessively condescending view. Whatever else he may have been, Himmler was neither vacillating, nor petty-bourgeois, nor mediocre, as Fest claims. See Höhne,
The Order,
26-8, for a sample of colourful descriptions of Himmler, mostly imbued by hindsight.

164
Ibid., 40-46; for Darré, see also Gustavo Corni, ‘Richard Walther Darré: The Blood and Soil Ideologue’, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite,
18-27; and Horst Gies, R.
Walther Darré und
die
nationalsozialistische Bauernpolitik
1930
bis
1933 (Frankfurt am Main, 1966). 165. Höhne,
The Order,
46-69; Hans Buchheim, ‘The SS - Instrument of Domination’, in Helmut Krausnick et
al., Anatomy of the SS State
(London, 1968), 127-203, at 140-43.

Chapter 4
TOWARDS THE SEIZURE OF POWER

1
Quoted in Elizabeth Harvey, ‘Youth Unemployment and the State: Public Policies towards Unemployed Youth in Hamburg during the World Economic Crisis‘, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
142-70, at 161; see also Wolfgang Ayass, ‘Vagrants and Beggars in Hitler’s Reich‘, in Richard J. Evans (ed.),
The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History
(London, 1988), 210-237, at 210.

2
Gertrud Staewen-Ordermann,
Menschen der Unordnung: Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Grossstadtjugend
(Berlin, 1933), 86, cited in Detlev J. K. Peukert,
Jugend zwischen Krieg und Krise: Lebenswelten von Arbeiterjungen in der Weimarer Republik
(Cologne, 1987), 184; English version in idem, ‘The Lost Generation: Youth Unemployment at the End of the Weimar Republic‘, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
172-93, at 185.

3
Ruth Weiland,
Die Kinder der Arbeitslosen
(Eberswalde-Berlin, 1933), 40-42, cited in Peukert,
Jugend,
184.

4
Staewen-Ordemann,
Menschen der Unordnung,
92, cited in Peukert, ‘The Lost Generation’, 182.

5
Peukert,
Jugend,
251-84; Eve Rosenhaft, ‘The Unemployed in the Neighbourhood : Social Dislocation and Political Mobilisation in Germany 1929-33’, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
194-227, esp. 209-11; eadem, ‘Organising the “Lumpenproletariat”: Cliques and Communists in Berlin during the Weimar Republic’, in Richard J. Evans (ed.),
The German Working Class 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life
(London, 1982), 174-219; eadem, ‘Links gleich rechts? Militante Strassengewalt um 1930’, in Thomas Lindenberger and Alf Lüdtke (eds.),
Physische Gewalt: Studien zur Geschichte der Neuzeit
(Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 239-75; Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel,
Wilde Cliquen: Szenen einer anderen Arbeiterbewegung
(Bensheim, 1981).

6
James,
The German Slump,
132-46.

7
See, in general, Patricia Clavin,
The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939
(London, 2000), emphasizing the failure of international co-operation.

8
Charles P. Kindleberger,
The World in Depression 1929-1939
(Berkeley,
1987
[1973]), 104-6.

9
See the graphic account in Piers Brendon,
The Dark Valley:
A
Panorama of the 1930s
(London, 2000), 62-5.

10
Charles H. Feinstein
et al., The European Economy between the Wars
(Oxford, 1997), 95-9; Theo Balderston,
The Origins and Course of the German Economic Crisis, 1923-1932
(Berlin, 1993); Balderston, Economics, 77-99, emphasizes lack of international confidence.

11
Feinstein et
al., The European Economy,
104-9; Brendan Brown,
Monetary Chaos in Europe: The End of an Era
(London, 1988).

12
See, in general, Dieter Gessner,
Agrardepression und Präsidialregierungen,
and Farquharson,
The Plough and the Swastika,
1-12.

13
Dietmar Petzina, ‘The Extent and Causes of Unemployment in the Weimar Republic’, in Peter D. Stachura (ed.),
Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany
(London, 1986), 29-48, esp. table 2.3, page 35, drawing on the very useful compilation by Dietmar Petzina
et al., Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch,
III:
Materialien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches 1914-1945
(Munich, 1978).

14
Details from Preller,
Sozialpolitik,
440.

15
Helgard Kramer, ‘Frankfurt’s Working Women: Scapegoats or Winners of the Great Depression?’, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
108-41, esp. 112-14.

16
Preller,
Sozialpolitik,
374, 420-21.

17
Rosenhaft, ‘The Unemployed in the Neighbourhood‘, a graphic portrait; see more generally the same author’s
Beating the Fascists? The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
(Cambridge, 1983), and Klaus-Michael Mallmann,
Kommunisten in der Weimarer Republik: Sozialgeschichte einer revolutionären Bewegung
(Darmstadt, 1996), 252-61. For the controversy over Mallmann’s book, see Andreas Wirsching, ’ “Stalinisierung” oder entideologisierte “Nischengesellschaft”? Alte Einsichten und neue Thesen zum Charakter der KPD in der Weimarer Republik‘,
VfZ
45 (1997), 449-66, and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, ‘Gehorsame Parteisoldaten oder eigensinnige Akteure? Die Weimarer Kommunisten in der Kontroverse - eine Erwiderung‘, VfZ 47 (1999), 401-15.

18
Anthony McElligott, ‘Mobilising the Unemployed: The KPD and the Unemployed Workers’ Movement in Hamburg-Altona during the Weimar Republic‘, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
228-60; Michael Schneider,
Unterm Hakenkreuz: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung 1933 bis 1939
(Bonn, 1999), 47-52.

19
More generally, see Anthony McElligott,
Contested City: Municipal Politics and the Rise of Nazism in Altona, 1917-1937
(Ann Arbor, 1998).

20
Mallmann,
Kommunisten,
261-83, 381-94.

21
Jan Valtin (pseud.; i.e. Richard Krebs),
Out of the Night
(London, 1941,), 3-36. For the mixture of truth and fiction in this remarkable and best-selling work, see Michael Rohrwasser,
Der Stalinismus und die Renegaten: Die Literatur der Exkommunisten
(Stuttgart, 1991), and especially Dieter Nelles, ‘Jan Valtins “Tagebuch der Holle” - Legende und Wirklichkeit eines Schlüsselromans der Totalitarismustheorie’,
1999; Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des
20.
und 21. Jahrhunderts,
9 (1994) 11-45. The book (‘a socialist classic’) was republished by a Trotskyite group in London in 1988 with an excellent ‘Postscript’ by Lynn Walsh and others, containing valuable details on the author’s life and work (659-74). See also the recent study by Ernst von Waldenfels,
Der Spion, der aus Deutschland kam: Das geheime Leben des Seemanns Richard Krebs
(Berlin, 2003).

22
Valtin,
Out of the Night
(1941 edn.), 36-7.

23
Ibid., 64-78.

24
Ibid., 79-328.

25
Dick Geary, ‘Unemployment and Working-Class Solidarity: The German Experience 1929-33’, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
261-80.

26
Weber,
Die Wandlung,
243-7;
Fowkes, Communism,
145-70; Weitz,
Creating German Communism,
284-6.

27
Hannes Heer,
Ernst Thälmann in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten
(Reinbek, 1975); Willi Bredel,
Ernst Thälmann: Beitrag zu einem politischen Lebensbild
(Berlin, 1948); Irma Thälmann,
Erinnerungen
an
meinen Vater
(Berlin, 1955).

28
Klemperer,
Leben sammeln,
II. 721 (16 July 1931).

29
McElligott,
Contested City,
163.

30
Caplan,
Government,
54 (table 2).

31
Ibid., 100-30.

32
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 325-9; Günter Bartsch,
Zwischen drei Stühlen:
Otto
Strasser. Eine Biographie
(Koblenz, 1990); Patrick Moreau,
Nationalsozialismus von ‘links’:
Die
‘Kampfgemeinschaft Revolutionärer Nationalsozialisten’ und die ‘Schwarze Front’ Otto Strassers 1930-1935
(Stuttgart, 1984).

33
· Domarus,
Hitler,
I. 88-114.

34
· Turner,
German Big Business,
191-219.

35
For a detailed account, see Bracher,
Die Auflösung,
287-389; Dorpalen,
Hindenburg,
163-78; Wheeler-Bennett,
Hindenburg
, 336-49; Winkler,
Der Schein,
726-823.

36
Bracher,
Die Auflösung,
229-84, for a broad survey of the politics of the Reichswehr in the crisis; see also
Bracher et al., Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung,
III. 1-55; Carsten,
The Reichswehr,
309-63; Groener quote in Thilo Vogelsang,
Reichswehr, Staat und
NSDAP:
Beiträge zur deutschen Geschichte 1930-1932
(Stuttgart, 1962), 95.

37
Carsten,
The Reichswehr,
310-11.

38
Ibid., 318-21; Broszat,
Der Staat Hitlers,
25.